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MCD - microbiology > Patterns of viral infection > Flashcards

Patterns of viral infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is iatrogenic transmission?

A

Health care worker responsible (e.g. contaminated needles)

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2
Q

What is nosocomial transmission?

A

Acquired in hospital

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3
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

From parent to offspring

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4
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

From one person to another

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5
Q

What is germ line?

A

Part of the host genome (e.g. integrated retrovirus)

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6
Q

Name some virus routes of entry to the body

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucosal surfaces (respiratory, enteric, genital tract)
  3. Conjunctiva
  4. Blood
  5. Bites
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7
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

Viruses spread by insects

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8
Q

What is viraemia?

A

Virus in the blood

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9
Q

Describe the dissemination of viruses from the site of entry.

A
  1. Primary viraemia (spread of virus in the blood)
  2. Amplification (replicate in a certain organ)
  3. Secondary viraemia
  4. Target organ
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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In local infection, the virus goes in and out of the basal surface of cells

A

FALSE

Local infection = apical release

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In dissemination, the virus goes in and out of the basal surface of cells

A

TRUE

Dissemination = basal release

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12
Q

What is the difference between a local infection and a systemic infection?

A

LOCAL = virus does not spread

SYSTEMIC = virus affects the whole body (i.e. an infection in the bloodstream)

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13
Q

What is meant by the term “haematogenous spread”?

A

Virus spread through the blood

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14
Q

What is meant by the term “neural spread”?

A

The virus is spread into the nervous system

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A viral rash is indicative of a local infection

A

FALSE

It indicates a systemic viral infection - virus leaves blood and enters skin = cells destroyed by virus replication

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16
Q

What is tropism?

A

The predilection of viruses to infect certain tissues and not others

17
Q

What 3 factors is tropism defined by?

A
  • Receptor interactions (susceptibility)
  • Ability to use the host cell to complete replication (permissivity)
  • Whether the virus can reach a tissue (accessibility)
18
Q

Describe the tropism of HIV

A

Viral attachment protein GP120 on HIV binds with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors on T-cells

19
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability of the virus to cause disease

20
Q

What is virulence?

A

The capacity of a virus to cause disease.

This depends on how much replication the virus undergoes and is affected by other factors (e.g. host response)

21
Q

What are the different viral infection outcomes?

A
  • Acute infection (followed by viral clearance)
    • Sometimes ‘accidental’ tissue infected with permanent damage despite viral clearance
  • Persistent infection
    • Latent reactivating
    • Slow
  • Oncogenesis
22
Q

Name 3 viruses that causes acute infection

A
  • Variola virus (smallpox)
  • Influenza virus
  • Poliovirus
  • Rubella virus
23
Q

Name 3 viruses that causes persistent infection

A
  • Varicella-zoster virus
  • Measles virus
  • HIV-1
24
Q

Name a virus that causes latent reactivating infection

A
  • Herpes simplex virus
25
Q

Name a virus that causes slow infection

A
  • Measles virus SSPE
  • Human immunodeficiency virus
  • Human T-lymphotropic virus
26
Q

Name oncogenic viruses and the types of cancer that they cause

A
  • HHV8 –> Kaposi sarcoma
  • HTLV-1 –> adult leukaemia
  • HPV –> cervical cancer
  • Hepatitis B and C –> hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Epstein Barr –> Burkitts lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
27
Q

What factors determine the outcome of virus infection?

A

Balance between virus virulence and host response:

  • Virus sequence
  • Virus load
  • Host immune response/status
  • Host co-morbidity
  • Co-infections
  • Other medications
  • Host genetics
  • Host age and sex
28
Q

Give an example of viral load affecting the outcome of an infection

A

The first child in the family to contract chicken pox often has a milder illness than the second child.

This may be because the second child is in closer contact and became infected by a higher dose

MCD - microbiology (9 decks)

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