Defence and vaccination against bacteria Flashcards
What are the properties of a good vaccine?
- Stimulate an effective immune response
- Safe and does not cause adverse reactions
- Inexpensive to manufacture and distribute
- Stable
- Easy to adminster
- Simple for both manufacturer and regulatory authorities to control
I.E. LOW COST AND LOW RISK
There are two ways vaccines work to offer protection. What are these?
- Direct protection
- Herd immunity
What are the 3 types of constituent of vaccine formulations?
- Antigen
- Adjuvant
- Excipients - maintain pH, osmolarity and stability
What is the role of the adjuvant in a vaccine?
To enhance and modulate the immune response
What are the different types of vaccine antigen?
- Live attenuated organisms
- Killed whole organisms (inactivated)
- Purified component vaccines
- Toxoids
- Polysaccharide conjugates
What type of antigen is used for IPV?
Inactivated
What type of antigen is used for tetanus and diphtheria?
Toxoid
What kind of antigen is used for Hib (H. influenzae type b)?
Conjugate
What is a common paediatric combination vaccine?
DTaP-Hib-IPV
What does DTaP-Hib-IPV vaccinate against?
- Tetanus
- Diptheria
- Whooping cough
- Meningitis
- Septicaemia
- Polio
What is the adjuvant used in DTaP-Hib-IPV?
Aluminium phosphate
What is a conjugate vaccine?
Carbohydrate chemically linked to immunogenic protein
Give examples of bacterial vaccines
- BCG for TB
- Typhoid vaccines (vivotif)
What is in the BCG vaccine?
Attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Give an example of a subunit vaccine
- Hep B
- Pneumococcal
