Defence and vaccination against bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of a good vaccine?

A
  • Stimulate an effective immune response
  • Safe and does not cause adverse reactions
  • Inexpensive to manufacture and distribute
  • Stable
  • Easy to adminster
  • Simple for both manufacturer and regulatory authorities to control

I.E. LOW COST AND LOW RISK

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2
Q

There are two ways vaccines work to offer protection. What are these?

A
  1. Direct protection
  2. Herd immunity
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of constituent of vaccine formulations?

A
  1. Antigen
  2. Adjuvant
  3. Excipients - maintain pH, osmolarity and stability
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4
Q

What is the role of the adjuvant in a vaccine?

A

To enhance and modulate the immune response

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5
Q

What are the different types of vaccine antigen?

A
  • Live attenuated organisms
  • Killed whole organisms (inactivated)
  • Purified component vaccines
  • Toxoids
  • Polysaccharide conjugates
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6
Q

What type of antigen is used for IPV?

A

Inactivated

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7
Q

What type of antigen is used for tetanus and diphtheria?

A

Toxoid

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8
Q

What kind of antigen is used for Hib (H. influenzae type b)?

A

Conjugate

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9
Q

What is a common paediatric combination vaccine?

A

DTaP-Hib-IPV

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10
Q

What does DTaP-Hib-IPV vaccinate against?

A
  • Tetanus
  • Diptheria
  • Whooping cough
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Polio
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11
Q

What is the adjuvant used in DTaP-Hib-IPV?

A

Aluminium phosphate

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12
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

Carbohydrate chemically linked to immunogenic protein

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13
Q

Give examples of bacterial vaccines

A
  • BCG for TB
  • Typhoid vaccines (vivotif)
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14
Q

What is in the BCG vaccine?

A

Attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis

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15
Q

Give an example of a subunit vaccine

A
  • Hep B
  • Pneumococcal
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16
Q

What needs to be considered when vaccinating the immunocompromised?

A
  • Need to protect vulnerable patient
  • Public health perspective (herd immunity)
  • Protect patient by immunising close contacts