Patterns of health and illness Flashcards
Using what can we get a rough idea of the health of a population
- Death rates
- Life expectancy
- Neonatal/ infant mortality and maternal mortality
- Morbidity rates
In the uk how has the life expectant changed?
Over time the life expectancy has increased
In the uk how has infant mortality rates changed?
It has decreased over time
In the uk how has maternal mortality rate changed?
It has improved over the years
Who statistically lives linger men or women?
Women live longer but the additional years are not always healthy
Where is infant and maternal mortality highest?
In poorer countries
What is the life expectancy in Africa?
Less than 60 (compared to over 80 in some countries)
What is the leading cause of premature death worldwide?
noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) & injuries
How many deaths do noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for?
70%
Give examples of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cancer
- Respiratory disease
- Diabetes
Other than NCDs give some other major causes of death worldwide
- Tobacco
- Harmful alcohol consumption
- Obesity
- Pollution
- Mental disorders
- Volence
- Suicide
Name some other threats to health
- Epidemic prone diseases
- Infectious diseases
- Foodboirne outbreaks
- Radio-nuclear and toxic threats
- Environmental disasters
- Conflicts
Where do food borne outbreaks originate from?
Microbial contamination, chemical and toxins that can spread through international trading
Give some examples of environmental disasters
- Heatwave
- Climate change
- Earthquake
- Carbon dioxide. lead poisoning
- Tsunami
Name the country with the lowest life expectancy?
Mean from Central African republic with 51 years
Name the country with the highest life expectancy?
Japanese women with 87 years
Where and among whom are suicide mortality rates highest?
Men in the European region and women in south eat Asia
Which country has the highest level of road traffic deaths?
Africa and other low/ middle income countries
Which country has the highest level of pollution related deaths?
Africa
indonesia
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Where is homicide rate significantly higher?
In the American region followed by the African region
Which age range is mostly affected by the rising homicide rate?
15-49 YEARS
What challenges do developing countries face on top NCDs?
- Infectious diseases
- Poor access to safe water
- Pollution
- Malnutrition
- Poorer environments
- Poor access to services
What is the unaired nations doing to combat health inequality?
They have proposed 17 main sustainable development goals for 2030
What are the United Nations sustainable development goals aiming to promote?
The integration and balance of he three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.
What has improved since the United Nations SDGs have been implanted?
- Global life expectancy has increased by 5.5 years
- 24 Health related SGDs have shown improvement
- Vaccination coverage rated increased
What hasn’t improved since the United Nations SDGs have been implanted?
- The number of children under 5 who are overweight has inccreased
- Maria incidences
- Harmful use of alcohol
- Deaths from road traffic injuries
- Access to safety water and sanitation
Name 4 things that can help improve health globally?
- Improve accès to health servies
2, Address risks to health - Make health systems responsive
- Invest in data systems fro health
What are the 3 qualities of a good health care system?
- It is accessible
- Universal coverage
- Efficient
List the components of a health care system
- Structure (Primary, secondary to tertiary care?)
- Who works in the system (Personnel)
- What does the system am to achieve (Function)
- Location
- Funding
- Remuneration
- Target population
- Outcome
What is health influenced by in Great Britain?
Influenced by the social and physical environments in which we live
What does improving health in the uk require?
Requires political action to modify harmful environments
Name some global burdens of oral disease worldwide
- Dental caries
- Periodontal disease
- Number of sound teeth (Edentulousness)
- Oral cancer and mucosal lesions
- Impact of HIV/AIDs
- NOMA
- Ordental trauma
- Dental erosion and fluorosis
- Economic impact of oral disease
- Development disorders
How has the caries prevalence in the uk changed in the last 40 years?
- In 5 year olds caries prevalence has reduced from 72% to 31%
- In 15 year old caries prevalence has reduced from 97% to 46%
What is caries prevalence severity correlated with?
Severity is correlated with deprivation
How has the Epidemiology of periodontal disease changed over the years?
- Periodontal disease is more prevalent
2. Advanced periodontitis less prevalent
Which dental condition is on the rise?
Tooth wear
