Health inequality Flashcards by Rabia Dosani

Give some social determinants of health

Fixed factors
Lifestyle and behavioural factors
Social positions
Environments, food and transport
Early childhood experience
Poverty
Unemployment
Social and psychological circumstances
Access to services

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Name the 2 determinants of health

Social determinants/ social factors

2. International security

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What does equality refer to?

Refers to identical treatment in dealings, quantities or values

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What does equity refer to?

Refers to fairness or the equality of outcomes and involves changing aspects of the system that have disadvantaged particular groups

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Define health inequality

Describes differences in health between population groups

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Name some different population groups

Age
Disability
Socio-economic status
Geographical area
Sex
Ethnicity

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Define health inequity

Describes the differences in health between different social groups that are unjust and can be avoided

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What is health inequity caused by?

Caused by unequal access to opportunities and resources

Also different exposure to risk factors and vulnerability can lead to health inequalities

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When we talk about ‘differences between groups’ what do we mean?

Differences in health outcomes like life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal heath etc
Risk exposure
vulnerability
beliefs/attitudes/behaviours that impact on health
Access to services

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Where does social inequity come from?

Comes from social structure like class 
The position you were born in determines the lily outcome of your health, wealth, education and future occupation

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Give some health inequalities between higher and lower income countries

Higher income countries have :

A lower infant mortality rate
A longer life expectancy
Are less likely to have self reported poor health
A higher healthy life years

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Give some equity issues that are present in all areas

Maternal mortality is a health indication that shows very wide variation between rich and poor
Children are at a grater risk of dying before age 5 if they are born in poorer households
In many countries, NCD inequalities are the most important source of inequalities in total mortality and life expectancy.
Those with lower status generally have a higher mortality than those of a higher status
Currrent smoking is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic strata

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Name the group of people that are least likely to receive adequate maternal care

Poor women in remote areas

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How much higher is the infant mortality rates in poorer countries compared to wealthier countries

oorer regions within countries typically have an under-five mortality rate 1.5–2.5 times higher than richer regions.

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What can mask the increasing inequalities within countries?

The overall decline in NCD mortality

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What changees have occurred in mortality rates in the uk from 2003 to 2010

statistically significant decreases in all-cause mortality rates for men across all socio-economic classes
only small changes in mortality rates across socio-economic classes over the decade IN WOMEN
Absolute inequality in mortality between the most advantaged and the least advantaged) narrowed over time,

Name the area in the UK that has the highest mortality rate in almost all classes

North West region

Name the area in the UK that has the lowest mortality rate in almost all classes

South East and East region

How much shorter is the life expectancy of MALES in the most deprived area compared to the least deprived

9 years shorter

How much shorter is the life expectancy of FEMALES in the most deprived area compared to the least deprived

7 years shorter

Where is life expectancy and healthy life expectancy highest ?

In the least deprived areas areas

What is the gap in life expectancy between the most and least deprives areas in England due to?

Half of the gap is due to excess deaths from heart disease, stroke and cancer in the most deprived areas

What makes up the largest proportion of premature deaths in the uk?

heart disease, stroke and cancer

As well as lower life expectancy what is there a higher prevalence of in deprived areas?

Higher prevalence of many behavioural risk factors among the most deprives areas compared with least deprived

Is the regional health gap between classes higher in men or women?

In women expect for in London where they are similar and south east England where the gap between men is higher

Which ethnic group has the lowest proportion of 'not good; vernal health?

African ethnicity

Which ethnic group has the highest proportion of 'not good; vernal health?

Gypsy or Irish traveller

Do oral health inequalities exist?

Yes between developed and developing countries

Give some oral health inequalities in engaln

1. Higher % of caries FREE children in social class I than social class v 2. Theres regional differences between north and south

What is the social class gradient at childhood associated with?

Social class gradient at childhood associates with oral health problems in adulthood

Describe the oral health of adults from a more advantaged background

Those from more ‘advantaged’ backgrounds had: 1. Less decay 2. More teeth 3. Less bleeding gums 4. Less deep pocketing (>6mm) 5. Less dental pain 6. Lower proportion of edentate 7. Fewer open pulps 8. Less ulceration or fistula

Give some theoretical explanations that discuss social class and health

1. Both Class and Health are artefacts of the measurement process 2. Functionalism: Health stays is affected by social position 3. People in lower social classes indulge in unhealthy behaviour 4. Factors such as poverty, distribution of income, material deprivation, unemployment affect health 5. Psycho-social: Inequality of income, lack of social cohesion, psycho-social injustice

What are theoretical explanation used to explain?

The Link between: 1. Social class and health 2. Gender and health 3. Race/ethnicity and health 4. Place and health

Why is equality better for everyone?

1. Unequal societies do worse according to almost every quality of life indicator 2. Unequal sociétés create mental and emotion suffering despite levels of death, material and technical achievements 3. Psychosocialinjuries

What is the WHO trying to do to reduce health inequality?

They have written a commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH)

What is the on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH)

It is a WHO initiative to try and reduce health inequalities through action on the social determinants of health

What role do dentist have in taking health inequalities?

1. Tailor your response to the level or oral and general health needs 2. Build on community assets and strengthening family competence to self manage health 3. Early intervention is key 4. Focus on family 5. Have a personalise approach to deliver services

What does the GDC expect from dentist and the oral health team in regards to taking health inequalities?

1. All members of the dental team should acquire a thorough understanding of the importance that social determinants play in oral as well as general health. 2. Should engage in partnership with communities to help them beer understand and take the social, economic snd environmental factors that determine oral health 3. Should engage with colleagues in the development of cross sectoral partnerships 4. Should become advocates fro health with their patients and the wider community