Patterns of Health and Illness Flashcards
describe + understand patterns of disease know changing pattern of diseases over time know role of health care systems relate all to oral health
where did global health come from?
tropical medicine came first
- protection of colonialists going to the tropics (far away countries) that they were exploiting + catching diseases
-> how the west were trying to counter these diseases
international medicine:
more movement between countries
restriction of that movement creating movement in disease (communicable diseases moving through countries)
global health:
joined up society across globe, travel so prevalent, online- allows us to share out healthcare knowledge without having to physically go there
also maintained though government systems
how do we measure health?
difficult to measure directly
make inferences from groups + populations
what finite data do we use to make inferences about the health of a population at large? (7)
- death rates
- life expectancy (from birth or other ages)
- neonatal/ infant mortality & maternal mortality
- morbidity rates
- qol (quality of life)
- trust
- community life
what is the future of health measure moving towards?
happiness scales
things which measure how good people’s work life balances are
current patterns or health + disease
- improving maternal health
- decreased infant mortality rates over time
- overall women live longer than men
- longer life expectancy over time
in current patterns of health and disease, who lives longer: men or women?
women
is there a difference in observed patterns of health and disease across the world?
yes- difference does exist between regions
Africa is trailing behind
discrepancies across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:
GAPS DEFINED BY WEALTH
poor countries
-> + infant mortality
+ maternal death rates
disparities across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:
richest countries have highest life expectancy rate
which 5 countries have the longest life expectancy?
Japan
Switzerland
Singapore
Australia
Spain
what is the life expectancy in the richest countries?
80 years +
what is the life expectancy in the poorest countries?
less than 55 years
which countries have the lowest life expectancy?
sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone
which countries have the lowest life expectancy?
sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone
leading causes of death in richer countries?
non communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, some cancers)
injuries
leading causes of death in poorer countries?
infectious diseases
maternal
neonatal
childbirth
poor nutrition
we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:
smoking
obesity
childhood obesity
as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term
a less developed country will have greater inequality
we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:
1) smoking
(total no. of tobacco attributable deaths are. projected to rise)
2) obesity
3) childhood obesity
as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term
a less developed country will have greater inequality
as countries have developed, they have gotten better access to:
- medication
- vaccination programmes
- sanitation
cholera from dirty water
how does an increase in wealth increase the causes of death by the following:
as wealth ⬆️, so does:
capability to buy:
- processed foods
- cigarettes
- cars- more cars on the road -> infrastructure isn’t there to support this yet, thus more death from injuries
why is an increase in obesity an issue? (2)
- leads to wide range of associated serious health complications
- increased risk of premature illness
almost all countries have shifted away from ________ towards NCDs and injuries:
premature deaths
overall patterns show?
substantial shift in distribution of death from:
1) younger age groups to older age groups
- less infant mortality, people living longer, diseases which affect older age groups= cause of death
2) communicable diseases to non communicable diseases
3) 40% increase in global deaths= due to ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
from 2002-2030, what % projected increase in global deaths is predominantly due to road traffic accidents?
40%
large declines in mortality are projected to occur for? (4)
all the principal:
1) maternal
2) communicable
3) perinatal
4) nutritional causes
projected increase in global deaths caused by (by 2030): (6)
1) obesity
2) pollution
3) mental disorders
4) injuries + violence- rising conflict
5) road traffic accidents - increased industrialisation
6) tobacco
how does pollution in the environment come about?
countries develop
increased industrialisation
create more output
more consumers
we buy more
processes to create more create more pollution within the environment
what does DALYs stand for?
disability- adjusted life years
= lower quality of life
papa new guinea = one of the poorest countries- very little infrastructure, very little running water
afghanistan- chronic political turmoil prevents country from growing, dealt from violence
red= developing countries
blue= developed countries
overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
distribution= unequal across globe
red= developing countries
blue= developed countries
overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
distribution= unequal across globe
why are we prone to further new emerging threats of disease?
joined up society, more connected world
so change of epidemic rapid spreading is increased
projection of new disease patterns:
the increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases
further threats:
1) foodborne outbreaks- food is internationally processed + pre- packaged in many different countries
2) radionuclear + toxic threats (accidental or deliberate outbreaks)
3) environmental disasters (climate change, earthquake, tsunami)
4) conflicts between countries
5) epidemics- more connected countries
which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?
infectious diseases
which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?
infectious diseases
which countries are more at risk to a pandemic?
more connected + developed countries
more highly affected by communicable diseases from a pandemic breakout
(goes against earlier pattern)
which countries are the epicentres for outbreaks in a pandemic?
countries which rely on international trade and movement because of the movement of their population
what are sustainable development goals?
- 17 in total
- promote integration + balance of sustainable development from:
1) economic
2) social
3) environmental
have influence on our health
sdg guidelines- 17 SDG
2.2) child health + development issues
6) availability + sustainable management of water + sanitation for all
7.1) clean household energy
11.6) air pollution
13.1) natural disasters
16.1) homicide + conflicts
3) promote well being at all ages, maternal mortality, child mortality, NCDs, infectious diseases (HIV, Hep + TB), RTA
what is poor sanitation associated with?
water borne infectious diseases
6 lines of action to promote health for sustainable development:
- people having better education = better health
lower areas of pollution = better health
opportunities provided by the 2030 agenda:
1) new tech to manage large vols of data
2) disease control programmes
3) empower women in schooling
4) place health in all sectors of all policy making (when designing houses, think about impact on health)
5) attract new sources of funding
6) leave no one behind
7) education - impact on health literacy + understanding health
8) agriculture
burden of disease in uK?
+ NCDS
- CDS
- mortality rates
- maternal mortality rates
risk factors
- smoking, obesity, high sugar conc diets
environments
consider upstream (factors which influence job market) vs downstream factors
what is health influenced by and how can we reduce the north south divide?
social + physical environments we live in
need political action to modify these environments
global burden of oral disease? (10)
- changing patterns over time
- caries + PD very prevalent (measured by DMFT)
- huge variation between countries
- impact of oral cancer, HIV, aids
- ORODENTAL trauma (increase in accidents)
- dental erosion
- fluorosis
- developmental disorders
- risk factors (environmental + lifestyle related)
- self reported oral health problems
dental health of children in england?
there has been a reduction in caries prevalence overall since 1970s
more people in north have carious lesions
severity= correlated with areas of high deprivation
trends to OH in england
OH has been approving
higher apt attendance (regional and socio-demographic differences across england)
for secondary care, the main inpatient dental admissions are for treating what?
dental caries
trends in oral conditions aside from caries:
+ PD -> + in smoking prevalence
advanced perio= less prevalent (people getting treatment)
no longer just looking at DMFT, also recession and CAL
tooth wear + -> + fizzy drinks
- need more time to understand effects of vaping
- partial/ full denture wear is increasing (aging pop)
3 things a good healthcare system should have?
should be accessible
universal coverage (for everyone)
efficient
components of healthcare systems: (8)
1) structure - primary, secondary, tertiary care?
2) personnel- who provides service?
3) function - system aims to achieve?
4) location- in school? gov facility?
5) funding- from tax? insurance?
6) renumeration- how are health professionals paid?
7) target population - who is the system caring for?
8) outcomes - reduce tooth loss, improve OH + QOL
what 4 things should an oral health system respond to:
1) changes in pop demographics
2) changes in patterns of oral diseases (more erosion, more perio?)
3) impact of oral diseases on other systemic diseases
4) wider influences on a sociopolitical level
