Patterns of Health and Illness

Question 1

where did global health come from?

Answer 1

tropical medicine came first
- protection of colonialists going to the tropics (far away countries) that they were exploiting + catching diseases

-> how the west were trying to counter these diseases

international medicine:
more movement between countries
restriction of that movement creating movement in disease (communicable diseases moving through countries)

global health:
joined up society across globe, travel so prevalent, online- allows us to share out healthcare knowledge without having to physically go there

also maintained though government systems

Question 2

how do we measure health?

Answer 2

difficult to measure directly
make inferences from groups + populations

Question 3

what finite data do we use to make inferences about the health of a population at large? (7)

Answer 3

• death rates
• life expectancy (from birth or other ages)
• neonatal/ infant mortality & maternal mortality
• morbidity rates
• qol (quality of life)
• trust
• community life

Question 4

what is the future of health measure moving towards?

Answer 4

happiness scales
things which measure how good people’s work life balances are

Question 5

current patterns or health + disease

Answer 5

• improving maternal health
• decreased infant mortality rates over time
• overall women live longer than men
• longer life expectancy over time

Question 6

in current patterns of health and disease, who lives longer: men or women?

Answer 6

women

Question 7

is there a difference in observed patterns of health and disease across the world?

Answer 7

yes- difference does exist between regions
Africa is trailing behind

Question 8

discrepancies across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:

Answer 8

GAPS DEFINED BY WEALTH

poor countries
-> + infant mortality
+ maternal death rates

Question 9

disparities across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:

Answer 9

richest countries have highest life expectancy rate

Question 10

which 5 countries have the longest life expectancy?

Answer 10

Japan
Switzerland
Singapore
Australia
Spain

Question 11

what is the life expectancy in the richest countries?

Answer 11

80 years +

Question 12

what is the life expectancy in the poorest countries?

Answer 12

less than 55 years

Question 13

which countries have the lowest life expectancy?

Answer 13

sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone

Question 14

which countries have the lowest life expectancy?

Answer 14

sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone

Question 15

leading causes of death in richer countries?

Answer 15

non communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, some cancers)
injuries

Question 16

leading causes of death in poorer countries?

Answer 16

infectious diseases
maternal
neonatal
childbirth
poor nutrition

Question 17

we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:

Answer 17

smoking
obesity
childhood obesity

as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term

a less developed country will have greater inequality

Question 18

we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:

Answer 18

1) smoking
(total no. of tobacco attributable deaths are. projected to rise)

2) obesity
3) childhood obesity

as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term

a less developed country will have greater inequality

Question 19

as countries have developed, they have gotten better access to:

Answer 19

• medication
• vaccination programmes
• sanitation

cholera from dirty water

Question 20

how does an increase in wealth increase the causes of death by the following:

Answer 20

as wealth ⬆️, so does:
capability to buy:
- processed foods
- cigarettes
- cars- more cars on the road -> infrastructure isn’t there to support this yet, thus more death from injuries

Question 21

why is an increase in obesity an issue? (2)

Answer 21

• leads to wide range of associated serious health complications
• increased risk of premature illness

Question 22

almost all countries have shifted away from ________ towards NCDs and injuries:

Answer 22

premature deaths

Question 23

overall patterns show?

Answer 23

substantial shift in distribution of death from:

1) younger age groups to older age groups

• less infant mortality, people living longer, diseases which affect older age groups= cause of death

2) communicable diseases to non communicable diseases

3) 40% increase in global deaths= due to ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Question 24

from 2002-2030, what % projected increase in global deaths is predominantly due to road traffic accidents?

Answer 24

40%

Question 25

large declines in mortality are projected to occur for? (4)

Answer 25

all the principal:

1) maternal
2) communicable
3) perinatal
4) nutritional causes

Question 26

projected increase in global deaths caused by (by 2030): (6)

Answer 26

1) obesity
2) pollution
3) mental disorders
4) injuries + violence- rising conflict
5) road traffic accidents - increased industrialisation
6) tobacco

Question 27

how does pollution in the environment come about?

Answer 27

countries develop
increased industrialisation
create more output
more consumers
we buy more
processes to create more create more pollution within the environment

Question 28

what does DALYs stand for?

Answer 28

disability- adjusted life years
= lower quality of life

papa new guinea = one of the poorest countries- very little infrastructure, very little running water

afghanistan- chronic political turmoil prevents country from growing, dealt from violence

Question 29

Answer 29

red= developing countries
blue= developed countries

overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
distribution= unequal across globe

Question 30

Answer 30

red= developing countries
blue= developed countries

overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
distribution= unequal across globe

Question 31

why are we prone to further new emerging threats of disease?

Answer 31

joined up society, more connected world
so change of epidemic rapid spreading is increased

Question 32

projection of new disease patterns:

Answer 32

the increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases

Question 33

further threats:

Answer 33

1) foodborne outbreaks- food is internationally processed + pre- packaged in many different countries

2) radionuclear + toxic threats (accidental or deliberate outbreaks)

3) environmental disasters (climate change, earthquake, tsunami)

4) conflicts between countries

5) epidemics- more connected countries

Question 34

which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?

Answer 34

infectious diseases

Question 35

which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?

Answer 35

infectious diseases

Question 36

which countries are more at risk to a pandemic?

Answer 36

more connected + developed countries
more highly affected by communicable diseases from a pandemic breakout

(goes against earlier pattern)

Question 37

which countries are the epicentres for outbreaks in a pandemic?

Answer 37

countries which rely on international trade and movement because of the movement of their population

Question 38

what are sustainable development goals?

Answer 38

• 17 in total
• promote integration + balance of sustainable development from:

1) economic
2) social
3) environmental

have influence on our health

Question 39

sdg guidelines- 17 SDG

Answer 39

2.2) child health + development issues
6) availability + sustainable management of water + sanitation for all
7.1) clean household energy
11.6) air pollution
13.1) natural disasters
16.1) homicide + conflicts

3) promote well being at all ages, maternal mortality, child mortality, NCDs, infectious diseases (HIV, Hep + TB), RTA

Question 40

what is poor sanitation associated with?

Answer 40

water borne infectious diseases

Question 41

6 lines of action to promote health for sustainable development:

Answer 41

6. people having better education = better health
   lower areas of pollution = better health

Question 42

opportunities provided by the 2030 agenda:

Answer 42

1) new tech to manage large vols of data
2) disease control programmes
3) empower women in schooling
4) place health in all sectors of all policy making (when designing houses, think about impact on health)
5) attract new sources of funding
6) leave no one behind
7) education - impact on health literacy + understanding health
8) agriculture

Question 43

burden of disease in uK?

Answer 43

+ NCDS
- CDS
- mortality rates
- maternal mortality rates

risk factors
- smoking, obesity, high sugar conc diets

environments
consider upstream (factors which influence job market) vs downstream factors

Question 44

what is health influenced by and how can we reduce the north south divide?

Answer 44

social + physical environments we live in
need political action to modify these environments

Question 45

global burden of oral disease? (10)

Answer 45

• changing patterns over time
• caries + PD very prevalent (measured by DMFT)
• huge variation between countries
• impact of oral cancer, HIV, aids
• ORODENTAL trauma (increase in accidents)
• dental erosion
• fluorosis
• developmental disorders
• risk factors (environmental + lifestyle related)
• self reported oral health problems

Question 46

dental health of children in england?

Answer 46

there has been a reduction in caries prevalence overall since 1970s

more people in north have carious lesions

severity= correlated with areas of high deprivation

Question 47

trends to OH in england

Answer 47

OH has been approving
higher apt attendance (regional and socio-demographic differences across england)

Question 48

for secondary care, the main inpatient dental admissions are for treating what?

Answer 48

dental caries

Question 49

trends in oral conditions aside from caries:

Answer 49

+ PD -> + in smoking prevalence
advanced perio= less prevalent (people getting treatment)
no longer just looking at DMFT, also recession and CAL
tooth wear + -> + fizzy drinks
- need more time to understand effects of vaping
- partial/ full denture wear is increasing (aging pop)

Question 50

3 things a good healthcare system should have?

Answer 50

should be accessible
universal coverage (for everyone)
efficient

Question 51

components of healthcare systems: (8)

Answer 51

1) structure - primary, secondary, tertiary care?
2) personnel- who provides service?
3) function - system aims to achieve?
4) location- in school? gov facility?
5) funding- from tax? insurance?
6) renumeration- how are health professionals paid?
7) target population - who is the system caring for?
8) outcomes - reduce tooth loss, improve OH + QOL

Question 52

what 4 things should an oral health system respond to:

Answer 52

1) changes in pop demographics
2) changes in patterns of oral diseases (more erosion, more perio?)
3) impact of oral diseases on other systemic diseases
4) wider influences on a sociopolitical level