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SSRD > Health Inequalities > Flashcards

Health Inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

acceptable inequalities in oral health?

A
  • CONGENITAL (predisposition to diseases)
  • consequences of AGE (natural process creates inequalities)
  • differences according to GENDER
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2
Q

what is an unacceptable inequality?

A

consequence of social, economic, political factors -> affect different sections of society

not everyone is affected equally

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3
Q

DH defines oral health as:

A

oral health is integral to general health
contributes to overall well being

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4
Q

what things are being increasingly proven that oral health has an impact on? (4)

A

diabetes
CV disease
rheumatoid arthritis
links seen from inflammatory markers seen in PD

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5
Q

determinants of health: (15)

A
  • fixed factors
  • lifestyle
  • behaviours we engage in
  • social positions in society
  • socio economic status
  • living environments
  • working environments
  • access to healthy food
  • access to employability (unemployment)
  • early childhood experiences
  • life course influences
  • wealth
  • cultural factors
  • access to dentist
  • international security (palestine)
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6
Q

what are fixed behaviours which determine health?

A

gender
age
ethnicity
hereditary factors

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7
Q

the position you occupy a role in in society, determines what?

A

a lot of your outcomes in life (mother? father?)

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8
Q

how are our behaviours influenced by wider networks?

A

outer layers influence towards our personal health outside of our own personal behaviours

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9
Q

what are inequalities?

A

inequalities:

  • diff in health status
  • diff in distribution of health determinants between diff population groups

includes UNJUST, UNFAIR + AVOIDABLE

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10
Q

what are health inequalities attributable to? (3)

A
  • biological variations
  • free choice
  • external environmental (uncontrollable)
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11
Q

what in equity?

A

diff support to diff people based on their needs= provides equal access

if inequity is addressed, intervention is removing systemic barriers

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12
Q

what is diff between health equality + equity?

A

equality = all treated the same
equity= diff support given based on individual needs to give equal access (acknowledges disadvantaged groups)

-> systemic barrier removed= everyone benefits (like removing covid)

but we cant, so most vulnerable groups are helped more

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13
Q

health inequalities
in higher income countries:

A

⬇️infant mortality rates
+ life expectancy
3) less likely to have self- reported poor health
4) more affluent areas= higher healthy life years

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14
Q

are there disparities in health inequalities within england itself?

A

yes

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15
Q

so if a country is getting richer + more developed, will the shown health patterns for that country exist over time?

A

yes
not everyone is being boosted in same way in the country
not everyone in country is getting to level of longer/ healthier life

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16
Q

what do more affluent areas have?

A

higher healthy life years
-> less long term disease impacting QOL

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17
Q

Health inequalities = bidirectional with what?

A

other inequalities in life

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18
Q

Health inequalities = bidirectional with what?

A

other inequalities in life

aging leads to other inequalities in life
-> issues with moving/ walking

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19
Q

inequity in maternal mortality?

A

huge variation in rich/ poor areas
between urban/ rural areas

urban area= more access to hospitals
rural areas- don’t have as many resources/ transport to get them to the urban areas

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20
Q

inequity in child mortality?

A

poor, rural, to mothers denied basic education children:

+ risk of dying before 5

21
Q

what is the mortality rate in poorer regions within countries?

A

under 5

1.5-2.5 x more than in richer regions

22
Q

why does overall rates in CDS going down not address inequality?

A

poor people still + likely to die from NCDS because of social determinants

23
Q

who is smoking more prevalent in?

A

smoking- more prevalent in low socioeconomic status

24
Q

who is smoking more prevalent in?

A

smoking- more prevalent in low socioeconomic status

25
Q

4 theories to explain inequalities in health:

A

1) artefact- health inequalities= not real. artificial

2) natural + social

3) materialists (material deprivation)-

4) cultural/ behavioural differences

26
Q

what is the artefact theory for inequalities in health?

A

health inequalities= not real. artificial.
effect produced by trying to measure something we cant effectively measure (we don’t know how to classify) - class is not an accurate measure, something else underlying

27
Q

what is the natural and social selection theory for inequalities in health??

A

if you’re healthier, you get better job. if poor health status, less unemployment, move down social gradient because of barriers to do with employment

health status affects social position

people with a lot of DMFT felt they were less likely to get a job over a person with a full dentition

28
Q

what is the materialists (material deprivation) theory for inequalities in health??

A

emphasises role of external environment
-> the conditions under which people live and work + the pressure on them to consume unhealthy products
do more dangerous work, poorer housing, have fewer resources to access better health

structure of society is implicated

29
Q

what is the lifestyle (cultural, behaviours) theory for inequalities in health?

A
  • differences in the way individuals choose to live their lives (people indulge in unhealthy behaviours)- doesn’t focus on why they’re doing it in the first place

never seen it- wont grow up to partake in

= victim blaming

30
Q

which 2 theories are generally accepted?

A

artefact
natural + social selection
make small contribution to overall experience of inequality

31
Q

what must be the basis for promoting health?

A

the interaction of lifestyle + socio economic factors are major influences

psycho social:
lack of social cohesion -> more conflict due to inequality of income
less resources

life course- take into account whole life experiences including before they were born (if you’re born to a fam where no one works, child wont think it is normal to work)

32
Q

life expectancy variation in gender

A

north south divide
north -> lower life expectancy for men

women live longer -> lower life expectancy for men

33
Q

life expectancy variation in gender

A

north south divide
north -> lower life expectancy for men

women live longer -> lower life expectancy for men

34
Q

why does the north south divide exist if we are all affected by same policies?

A

wider social determinants
behaviours in north- smoking more prevalent
long term disease can affect amount of time you spend studying in school

35
Q

what does the higher % of babies born at term with a low birth weight in the 3 most deprived areas show?

A

indicative of inequality of health in mothers
could have lasting effect on health of child

36
Q

why can a reduction in overall NCD rates be deceiving?

A

the reduction within overall NCD rates can be seen as a reduction in inequality in the country

masks wider inequalities
NCDs affects most deprived areas more with- cancer, disease, stroke

inequality= present but affects most deprived areas, it is polarised by level of SEFs

37
Q

which causes make up a large proportion of the large burden of premature death in england overall?

A

heart disease
stroke
cancer

in most deprived areas

38
Q

where do we see highest number of DMFT

A

most deprived groups

39
Q

health inequalities in trends of DMFT?

A

generally edendate rates going down

+ unskilled people
far less in professional people

40
Q
A

limited language skills
occasional employment
living in a deprived community
hard to find NHS dentist
not knowing not having to pay- may not have regular job/ income
less access to healthy food
cheap food= more accessible
cost of toothpaste

41
Q

social determinants of oral health in a newly immigrant family?

A

limited language skills
occasional employment
living in a deprived community
hard to find NHS dentist
not knowing not having to pay- may not have regular job/ income
less access to healthy food
cheap food= more accessible
cost of toothpaste

42
Q

inequalities in oral health?

A

seen in all areas
perio- smoking +
tooth loss
caries
oral cancer
erosion
trauma- lack of social cohesion, more incidents of getting attack, a more physical manual labour- loose teeth

43
Q

what are the 4 determinants for oral health?

A

1) attendance
2) diet
3) OH practices
4) attitudes

44
Q

role of dental team in tackling health inequalities (6)

A
  • health promotion in other key health professionals (shared goal to reduce obesity)
  • become advocates for health
  • act as enables to make healthy choices
  • empower people to take control of their own lives + health
  • engage with communities (recent partnership in bradford-> mosques, brush for Mohammed)
  • have thorough understanding of how conditions people live, work, age, born affect their health- and how to tackle
45
Q

what will focusing solely on meeting demand likely to do?

A

further increase oral health inequalities without improving OH

46
Q

detrimental effects of inequality on a country as a whole? (5)

A

GDP
life expectancy
crime levels
literacy
health

“only as strong as weakest member”
country should look after most vulnerable people otherwise, country cant develop as whole leaving people behind

47
Q

what does inequality create? (2)

A
  • mental + emotional suffering despite wealth + achievement
  • psycho social impact
48
Q

how are we trying to reduce health inequalities? (3)

A
  • WHO initiative (give out vaccines)
  • priority public health conditions
  • reducing HI through action on social determinants of health
49
Q

our role in tackling health inequalities? (6)

A
  • tailor response to Oral and general health needs
  • build on community assets
  • strengthen family self efficacy to self manage health (include OH)
  • emphasis on early years (outreach in nurseries, toothbrushing has recently been incorporated into early years foundation curriculum)
  • family focus- make it an integral part of daily routine
  • personalised approach to delivery services

SSRD (6 decks)

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