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Forensic Significance Pt. 2 > Patterns in Injuries > Flashcards

Patterns in Injuries Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is traumatic change?

A

Force, chemicals, heat, environmental conditions applied to normal anatomy.

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3
Q

What 3 things does traumatic change result in?

A

Loss/change of tissue
Loss of function
Behavioural change

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4
Q

What information can be gleaned from loss\change of tissue interpretation? (3)

A

Primary, secondary injury
Sequelae of injury
Chain of events -> COD, manner of death

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5
Q

What are injuries?

A

Physical manifestations of trauma on the body

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6
Q

What does type of injury depend on?

A

Type of force and trauma

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7
Q

What do injuries convey?

A

Information

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8
Q

List blunt force injuries (5)

A

Abrasions
Avulsions
Fractures
Contusions
Lacerations

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9
Q

What are the 7 ways to describe fractures? OLD ACID

A

Open or closed
Location
Degree
Articular extension
Comminution and pattern
Intrinsic bone quality
Displacement, angulation, rotation

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10
Q

Differentiate between open and closed fractures.

A

Open - broken end of bone passes through the skin
Closed - skin is not lacerated

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11
Q

What information about location of fractures is importnat?

A

Which bone is fractured?
Which part of the bone is fractured?

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12
Q

List the two types of fracture degrees.

A

Complete and incomplete

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13
Q

Describe complete fractures.

A

Transect the bone
Separation of bone segments

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14
Q

Describe incomplete fractures

A

Bone bends and ‘tears’ but is not transected

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15
Q

Give an example of an incomplete fracture.

A

Greenstick fractures

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16
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Bone is broken on one side, does not go all the way through.

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17
Q

What important information regarding articular extension should be known about a fracture>

A

Is a joint involved?
Is there joint damage?
Is there a dislocation?

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18
Q

What fracture pattern is seen here?

A

Transverse fracture

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19
Q

What fracture pattern is seen here?

A

Oblqiue

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20
Q

What fracture pattern is seen here?

A

Spiral

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21
Q

What fracture pattern is seen here?

A

Comminuted

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22
Q

What pattern of frfacture is seen here?

A

Avulsion

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23
Q

What type of fracture is this?

A

Impacted

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24
Q

What type of fracture is seen here?

A

Fissure

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25
Q

What type of fracture is this?

A

Greenstick

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26
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Fracture perpendicular to length of bone.

27
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Bone broken at an angle.

28
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Bone broken in a twisting motion. Corkscrew appearance

29
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Bone broken in at least two places.

30
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

Small chunk of bone attached to tendon or ligament pulled away from main part of bone.

31
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

Ends driven into each other.

32
Q

What is a fissure fraction?

A

Crack in bone without alteration to alignment or breaking of periosteum.

33
Q

What is intrinsic bone quality?

A

Relates to underlying conditions that predispose bones to fracture.

34
Q

Give examples of conditions that can predispose bones to fracture.

A

Osteoporosis/osteopenia
Osteogenesis imperfecta

35
Q

In which cases is it important to test for an rule out conditions affecting one’s susceptibility to fractures?

A

Suspicion of child or elder abuse.

36
Q

What is displacement as it relates to fractures?

A

Bone moved away from natural position.

37
Q

What is angulation as it relates to fractures?

A

Bone moved away from natural position and shifted by a discernable angle.

38
Q

What is rotation as it relates to fractures?

A

Bone rotated along its axis (with or without displacement or angulation)

39
Q

List the types of sharp force injuries (4).

A

Incision
Stab/puncture
Chop
Fracture (occasionally)

40
Q

What injuries are associated with projectiles? (3)

A

Direct tissue destruction
Cavitation injury
Entry/exit wounds

41
Q

Which is usually larger, entrance or exit wounds from projectiles?

A

Exit

42
Q

What are mixed force injuries?

A

Injuries resulting from trauma inflicted by more than one type of force or energy.

43
Q

Give examples of mixed force injuries (4)

A

Chop wounds
Crush wounds
Pneumo/hemo/chylothorax
Blast injuries

44
Q

What forces/energies are involved in chop wounds?

A

Sharp and blunt force

45
Q

What forces/energies are involved in crush wounds?

A

Blunt and sharp

46
Q

What forces/energies are involved in pneumo/hemo/chylothorax?

A

Blunt injury leading to penetration by broken rib.

47
Q

What forces/energies are involved in blast injuries?

A

blunt, sharp, concussive, heat, etc.

48
Q

Describe the events leading to injuries, from primary to quaternary, in blast injuries.

A
  1. Pressure wave
    2/ Flying debris
  2. Displacement of victim
  3. Crush, burn, asphyxia, toxins
49
Q

What can injury tell us about (4)

A

Event
Circumstances
Objects
Perpetrators

50
Q

What does the location of an injury tell us?

A

Direction of attack
Position of perp/victim

51
Q

What information does type of injury give us?

A

Cause of injury
Severity of injury
Intent of perp?

52
Q

What information does pairing of injuries tell us?

A

Particular patterns indicate typicality of events

53
Q

What do different stages of healing tell us?

A

Pattern of behaviour of victim/perp

54
Q

Differentiate between ‘patterned injuries’ and ‘injury patterns’

A

Patterned injuries = information about the object
Injury patterns = informagtion about the circumstances

55
Q

Define patterned injuries.

A

Imprint of the object or intermediary material (e.g., clothing) is imprinted or stamped onto the skin by the crushing effect of the blunt object.

56
Q

What type of injuries can be patterned injuries?

A

Abrasions
Contusions

57
Q

List some injury patterns.

A

Location
Size
Frequency
Timing
Pairing of injuries

58
Q

What do injury patterns speak to?

A

Circumstances

59
Q

In what types of trauma may defensive wounds be seen?

A

Sharp, blunt, ballistic

60
Q

Where are defensive wounds typically seen?

A

Hands, forearms, feet, inner thighs

61
Q

What are injury patterns common to domestic violence?

A

Facial fractures with defensive wounds

62
Q

What important information do defensive wounds tell us?

A

Victim was conscious

63
Q

What type of information should be considered when interpreting injuries (6)?

A

Age and sex specific patterns of injury
Underlying conditions
Is medical history plausible?
Was presentation to healthcare delayed?
Additional injuries? Different stages of healing?
Is the individual mobile?

64
Q
A

Forensic Significance Pt. 2 (7 decks)

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