Patient Monitoring Flashcards
If a patient is sedated a ______ Is recommended
Pulse oximeter
Most oximeters today are called pulse oximeter’s because
They respond only to pulsations, such as those in pulsating capillaries of the area tested
The sinoatrial, or SA node is located
In the right atrium
What is the function of the sinoatrial node
It provides the main control and is the source of each beat.
Keeps up with the body’s overall need for nutrients
Increases the heart rate when needed.
SA Node is sometimes called
The natural pacemaker of the heart.
Electrical impulses emitted by the SA node Travel through special conducting pathways in the heart to?
The other controller, atrioventricular (AV) node.
What is the purpose of the AV node?
To provide a pathway for impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
It also creates a delay in conduction from the atria to the ventricles
The purpose of the delay in conduction from the atria to the ventricles?
- This causes the atria to contract first, thus allowing the ventricles to fill with blood before they contract.
- Ensures proper timing so that the ventricles have time to fill completely before they contract and pump blood out to the tissues.
A heart rate of 60 to 100 is called
Normal sinus rhythm
Arrhythmia that do not originate from the ventricles are called?
Supraventricular arrythmias
Arrhythmia that come from the ventricles are called?
Ventricular arrhythmia
For monitoring purposes only 3 lead ECG are used to measure?
The actions of the atria and ventricles
Atrial contractions show up as ___ on ECG
P wave
Ventricular contractions show up as ____ on ECG
Series of 3 waves Q-R-S
The T wave indicates
Ventricular relaxation
What is happening in the heart during Diastole?
The atria and ventricles are relaxed.
De-oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava flows into the right atrium.
The open atrioventricular valve allow blood to pass through to the ventricles.
What is happening in the heart during Atrial Systole?
- The SA node triggers both atria to contract.
- The right atrium empties blood into the right ventricle.
- The left atrium empties blood into he left ventricle.
What is happening in the heart during ventricular systole?
- From the right ventricle, de-oxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery.
- The pulmonary valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle
- From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta
- The aortic valve prevents the oxygenated blood from back flowing into the left ventricle.
Cardiac arrest is ?
Loss of heart function
Signs of cardiac arrest include?
No pulse No respiration Vomiting Seizure Damp bluish or grayish skin tone Incontinence
Signs of a stroke may include
Cannot communicate Bilateral or unilateral numbness or paralysis Pupil disparity Incontinence Hypertension
Shock is?
The result of insufficient blood flow to he issues and vital organs.
Shock can occur because of??
- Loss of blood volume
2. Sudden massive vasodilation (as in anaphylactic shock)
Signs of shock include
- Altered levels of consciousness
- Hypotension
- Cool bluish or grayish skin tone
- Tachycardia
- Restlessness
A patient experiencing shock should be kept warm with legs elevated, except for when?
When there are bleeding wounds in the upper body or head.
If a patient is experiencing anaphylactic shock from a reaction to IV contrast, what is given?
Epinephrine
Normal range for oral temperature
97 to 99
Normal range for axillary temperature
96.5 to 98.5
Normal range for rectal temperature
97.5 to 99.5
What are the sites for measuring pulse
Temporal Carotid Apical Radial Femoral Popliteal Pedal
Average pulse rate for an adult
70 to 100
Average pulse rate for an athletic adult
45 to 60
Average pulse rate for a child
95 to 110
Average pulse rate for an infant
100 to 180
The systolic pressure is the measurement of?
The force of ventricular contraction
The diastolic pressure is the measurement of?
The lowest pressure of the ventricles between heartbeats
The blood pressure measurement is usually taken in the ____ artery
Brachial
When taking a look pressure, position the arm so that the cuff is at the level of?
The heart
Normal systolic range for an adult
90 to 140
Normal diastolic range for an adult
60 to 80
Normal systolic range for children
85 to 130
Normal diastolic range for children
45 to 85
Normal respiration rate for adults
12 to 20
Normal respiration rate for children
15 to 30
Normal respiration rate for infants
25 to 50
What device is used most often to deliver oxygen
Nasal cannula
Simple mask is an oxygen mask for
Patients that need a moderate flow rate for a short time.
A simple mask has holes on the sides for?
Exhalation and air entrainment if the flow rate is too low.
A non-rebreather mask
- Can deliver oxygen concentrations of 60 to 95%
- High flow rate
- Don’t allow the reservoir bag to deflate.
If it does, the patient can breathe in CO2
A Venturi Mask
- Delivers a precise oxygen concentrations
- CO2 is minimal
- Used for COPD
- Color-coded entrainment ports
Describe the oxygen mask attached to a tracheotomy tube
- Exhalation port that remains patent at all times
- A port that connects to the oxygen, with a large-bore tubing.
- Requires humification
Negative-pressure ventilator
- For home use
2. Do no require an airfoils airway
Positive-pressure ventilators
- More commonly used
2. Requires an artificial airway
Chest tubes may be inserted through the?
Chest wall into the mediastinum or pleural space
Trocar
Is used to punch a hole in the chest wall through which the tube is inserted
In an emergent situation what 2 ways are chest tubes started?
Trocared or blunt dissection
If a chest tube tubing is long, it should no be allowed to?
Fall below the level of the patient’s chest.
In-dwelling catheters are usually inserted ….
Into the brachiocephalic vein at the junction of the superior vena cava, or directly into the superior vena cava.
