Patient monitoring

Question 1

Stethoscopes

Answer 1

Measurement of heart rate and rythm

Question 2

Oesphogeal Stethoscopes

Answer 2

Used to measure heart rate and rhythm.
Placed in the oesophagus to the level of heart rate

Question 3

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 3

Measures electrical activity of the heart.
Starts at sino-artial node, the electrical current passes through bundle of His to purkinje fibers.

Question 4

ECG- P wave

Answer 4

Contraction of the atria

Question 5

ECG- PR interval

Answer 5

AV node stimulated and slowly conducts from atria to ventricles to produce a ventricular contraction

Question 6

ECG- QRS complex

Answer 6

Contraction of ventricles

Question 7

ECG- T wave

Answer 7

Repolarisation for next contraction

Question 8

Capnography

Answer 8

Measures amount of CO2 exhaled by withdrawing gas from a small tube inbetween circuit and ET tube

Question 9

Normal end tidal CO2 volumes

Answer 9

40-50mm Hg

Question 10

Pulse Oximetry

Answer 10

Monitors the degree to which Hb is saturated with oxygen and often displays heart rate

Question 11

Where is the probe for pulse oximeter attatched?

Answer 11

Tongue and non-pigmented skin

Question 12

Digital Thermometer

Answer 12

Monitors tempreture, this should be placed in the rectum

Question 13

Palpebral Reflex

Answer 13

Tapping the corner of the eye will result in blinking, indicates light anaesthetic, no blinking indicates a good depth of anaesthesia

Question 14

Eye position

Answer 14

When eyes are positioned in the corners this is adequate, but a central position with small pupil indicates light anaesthetic, and central with dilated pupil indicates deep anaesthetic

Question 15

Jaw Tone

Answer 15

When the jaws are loose and slack, the patient is adequately anaesthetised. Tight jaws which are difficult to open indicate light anaesthetic

Question 16

Pedal Reflex

Answer 16

Lightly pinching between the toes will cause the patient to move their paw away if they are not sufficiently anaesthetised

Question 17

Pale MM

Answer 17

Sign of shock

Question 18

Yellow MM

Answer 18

Liver failure or disease/ jaundice

Question 19

Blue MM

Answer 19

Indicates lack of oxygen

Question 20

Brick Red MM

Answer 20

Indicates infection or sepsis

Question 21

Anaesthesia Complications

Answer 21

-Hypothermia
-Tachycardia
-Hypoxia
-Bradycardia

Question 22

Direct Blood Pressure Monitoring

Answer 22

Shows cardiovascular function and meausred in thoracic vena cava using IV catheter

Question 23

Indirect Blood Pressure Monitoring

Answer 23

A Doppler probe contains two piezoelectric crystals which should sit at a right angle to a peripheral artery

Question 24

Oscilometer Blood Pressure Monitoring

Answer 24

can be obtained with the use of an inflatable cuff around a limb or tail base, which is attached to a monitor.