Pathways to Health Flashcards
How are obesity trends expected to change?
Expected to increase in children in all areas of the world
How does obesity in infants and children differ with ethnicity in USA?
most prevalent in hispanic and black versus white
* Not every children has the same risk
Infant care project
Looked at estrogen and progesterone in baby poop and relation to growth patterns and how early life origins may impact health and disease
* high risk trajectory vs. low risk trajectory
What impacts our health
Using the SEM model
* individual biology and health
* houshold and family context
* community
* organizational/ environmentalop
Infant feeding reccomendations
WHO recommendations: Exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months and nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods, while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years or beyond.
What are considered adaquate complementary foods for infant feeding?
Any nutrient containing foods or liquids other than breastmilk given to young children during the periods of complementary feeding when other foods or liquids are provided along with breastmilk.
* Fe rich foods
What is the benefit of breastfeeding?
May lower risk of development of obesity with exclusive breastfeeding for longer then the 6 months
What is the impact of the early feeding environment on the development of obesity?
- Transitional period when children learn what and how to eat
- Period of rapid growth
- Metabolic physiology developing
- Food-related preferences and eating behaviors develop (what they are initially introduced to is important culturally and nutritionally)
- Parental behaviors and household and social environments shape food learning
How do households and family context shape infant feeding?
- Food security
- Housing quality
- Household chaos
- Household composition
- Income
Design and characterisitics of the Infant Care Project
Design: Prospective study of 217 first-time, African-American mother-infant pairs
* Recruited from WIC clinics in central North Carolina
* Followed from 3 to 18 months postpartum with in-home visits
Characteristics
* 70% of mothers overweight or obese
* Low prevalence of breastfeeding
Infant Care Project: Feeding patterns in the first 3 months
Only 20% exclusively breastfed at 1 month and decreases to 6% by 3 months
Infant Care Project: Types of complementary foods fed at 3 months
- Foods were given through bottle because thought to help baby sleep throughout the night
Infant Care Project: What happens as children age in terms of nutritional intake?
intake of junk foods increases
Infant Care Project: How did moms typically base feeding patterns?
Fussy babies were more likely to be given CF before 4 months of age
* Those who were fussy were given the complimentary foods and thinking it meant babies were hungry
* or if they were active thought they were expending more energy and needed more than what milk could support
Infant Care Project: Household composition association with feeding patterns
Moms were often very young and still lived with parents which had an influence on feeding patterns
* With grandmothers or fathers saw less breastfeeding
* Having dad meant less likely to receive complimentary foods early and grandmother saw more
Infant Care Project: Households and caregivers association with feeding patterns
Typically low income so working and short maternity leave so cannot breastfeed and and do not have a lot of freedom to pump breastmilk and usually someone else is feeding them; hence formula is often chosen
Infant Care Project: Outcome of Mothers & Others study?
No difference at all between the 2 groups
But…
Didn’t matter who was getting the intervention it was about how many visit they got. More visit had more appropriate weight by the end of the study
* requires more intervention with SDofH beyond just education
* Babies born small gained more weight than babies who had no home visit
* moms need more support
describe the dual burden and health
the dual burden of malnutrition is characterized by the coexistence of:
1.undernutrition along with overweight and obesity and 2. diet-related non-communicable diseases 3. within individuals, households and populations 4. throughout life
* adverse interactions between energy-dense nutrient-low foods and at the same time infectious disease
Disease burden in the Galapagos
About 80% dealing with dual burden especially for those lacking access, security and quality to food and water
* Stunting: 11% in children <5
* Micronutrient deficiencies common: iron 16% in children <5 & Zinc 57% of reproductive age women
* Prevalence of overweight and cardiometabolic disease are the highest in Ecuador: Over 40% of children aged 5-11& 75% of adults aged 19-59
Food Insecurity in the Galapagos
> 40% of households had at least mild food insecurity
* Linked to boats coming back with food, not enough for them specifically but that food quality is unpredictable
Food availability in the Galapagos
% of full shelves higher closer to the coast and declines with distance into hills
* More toursits by the harbour and more locals live in the hill areas (less food availability)
Water environment in the Galapagos
Majority of households rate their water quality as fair to good but most people spend income on water
* Over 50% of households purchase bottled water
* 48% of households treat their water
Concerns with water availability to quality in Galapagos
Overlap of water and food concerns
Typically these overlap so not just 1 issue but 2
CHNS: patterns of inflammation in children and adults
Significant positive trend with age for moderate inflammation
CHNS: urbanicity and inflammation in men and women
In general at higher levels of urbanicity people had higher levels of inflammation particularly younger men and older women
CHNS: Impact of components of urbanization on inflammation
- Better housing reduces inflammation
- Transportation increase inflammation (air qulaity)
- Dietary change seemed to really drive inflammation, especially consumption of more animal fats in urban settings
