pathpharm wk 5-infection and immune

Question 1

What two factors are needed for an infection to occur?

Answer 1

A host and an organism

Question 2

Define infection:

Answer 2

an invasion of a host caused by a pathogen

Question 3

What are 4 different kinds of infections that can occur?

Answer 3

Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic

Question 4

What is one of the most common and deadly bacterial infections today?

Answer 4

MRSA-caused by staph aureus

Question 5

Bacteremia/speticemia is used to describe:

Answer 5

a systemic bacterial infection, in which bacteria is found in the blood

Question 6

What is a common cause of bacteremia?

Answer 6

E.coli

Question 7

What are 3 examples of infections caused by viruses?

Answer 7

H1N1, HIV, the flu

Question 8

Why are viral infections difficult to treat?

Answer 8

They do not follow a normal organism growth pattern, they are abnormally shaped, and have no nucleus just reverse transcriptase

Question 9

Viruses are protected by several layers of ____________.

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

What are three examples of fungal infections?

Answer 10

candida (yeast), PCP, aspergillus

Question 11

What are two examples of parasitic infections?

Answer 11

giardiasis, trichinosis

Question 12

List the steps in the chain of transmission?

Answer 12

Infectious agent, susceptible host, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, reservoir

Question 13

T or F: The chain of transmission cannot be broken.

Answer 13

FALSE.

Question 14

List three ways we can break the chain of transmission:

Answer 14

handwashing, education, @ portal of entry: proper wound care

Question 15

Under normal circumstances inflammation can result in:

Answer 15

increasing healing, decreasing infection

Question 16

T or F: Inflammation can result from infection.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

T or F: Infection can result from inflammation.

Answer 17

FALSE- inflammation will not cause infection, inflammation is always in response to an infection

Question 18

Define hypersensitivity:

Answer 18

an altered immunologic response to an antigen resulting in disease or damage to the host

Question 19

How does hypersensitivity develop?

Answer 19

a pathologic immune response develops after one or multiple exposures to an antigen

Question 20

What is an allergy?

Answer 20

an exaggerated response to the environment

Question 21

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 21

intolerance to self-antigens, does not recognize self as self

Question 22

Define alloimmunity:

Answer 22

occurs when the immune system of on individual produces an immunologic response against tissues of another individual during transfusions, transplanted tissue, or a fetus during pregnancy

Question 23

List the 4 mechanisms of hypersensitivity:

Answer 23

Type 1: IgE (allergies), Type 2: Tissue-specific, Type 3: Immune-complex, Type 4: Cell-mediated

Question 24

What is happeneing during a Type I response?

Answer 24

histamine overreaction

Question 25

What is an example of an allergic (IgE) response?

Answer 25

Seasonal rhinitis

Question 26

What is happening during a Type II response?

Answer 26

destruction of cells due to antigen on membrane

Question 27

What is an example of a Type II: Tissue Specific reaction?

Answer 27

Graves disease

Question 28

What is happening during a type III response?

Answer 28

antigen-antibody complexes are deposited on vessels or tissues

Question 29

What is an example of a Type III:Immune-complex reaction?

Answer 29

systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 30

What is happening during a Type IV resonse?

Answer 30

T-cells are over sensitized and react to the enviroment

Question 31

What is an example of a Type IV:cell-mediated reaction?

Answer 31

contact sensitivity to metals (jewelry) or poison ivy

Question 32

What is the most rapid and severe immediatee hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 32

anaphylaxis

Question 33

Wht two types of immunodeficiencies exist?

Answer 33

congenital and aquired

Question 34

What is an example of a congenital immunodeficiency?

Answer 34

agama globulin anemia

Question 35

What is an example of an aquired immunodeficiency?

Answer 35

AIDS

Question 36

T or F: HIV and AIDS are the same thing, and the terms can be used interchangeably

Answer 36

FALSE. An HIV infection can lead to AIDS, but they are NOT the same thing

Question 37

T or F: Drugs can successfully counteract the HIV virus when it is inside human cells.

Answer 37

FALSE

Question 38

What is the ultimate goal of HIV medications?

Answer 38

To control the disease, not cure it

Question 39

What are CD4 cells?

Answer 39

Helper T and B cells

Question 40

A person is considered to have AIDS when what conditions are met?

Answer 40

HIV infection + CD4 <200

Question 41

What are opportunistic diseases?

Answer 41

Will take over the host when they get the opportunity, for example, when a person becomes immunocompromised

Question 42

What is an example of an opportunistic disease?

Answer 42

HIV-can live in a host for years and can turn into an AIDS infection if the host becomes immunocompromised

Question 43

What happens during the acute phase of an HIV infection?

Answer 43

lympadenopathy, fevers, fatigue, malaise, joint pain, weight loss, muscle wasting

Question 44

What is happening during the dormant phase of an HIV infection?

Answer 44

A patient will have no symptoms, but the virus is present in their system

Question 45

What is the final stage of an HIV infection?

Answer 45

AIDS

Question 46

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 46

through blood and bodily fluids