patho quiz 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of non specific (innate) immunity?
This portion of the immunity does not know what type of bacteria or virus is attempting to invade the body, but realizes that it does not belong and attempts to get rid of it
What two componets make up non-specific immunity?
Physical/Chemical barriers and Cellular Mechanisms
What are some examples of physical/ chemical barriers?
Skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, cilial action, cough reflex
What does species specific mean?
Which barrier is used depends on the specific organism’s mode of entry and design
When are cellular Mechanisms Initiated?
when the pathogen has entered the body and the physical barriers have failed
Cellular Mechanisms are comprised of what?
Inflammation, phagocytic cells, and natural killers
Phagocytic cells are comprised of what?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Which phagocytes belong to Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
What are neutrophils?
1st responders, fast, abundant; because they’re mature, they’re incapable of dividing; sensitive to acidic environment of inflammatory lesions, short lived and become part of the purulet exudate (pus)
What are the 2 fxns of Eosinophils?
- Body’s primary defense against parasites 2. Help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells
What is the fxn of Basophils?
Release and stimulate mediators, such as bradykins to act as fighting cells
What are agranulcytes comprised of?
Monocytes & Macrophages
Monocytes
enter the circulation, migrate to the inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages
Macrophages
better suited for long term defense b/c they can survive and divide in acidic & low 02 enviornments; they’re involved in the activation of the adaptive immune system; affect recognition of antigens and tolerate self-antigens
Natural Killer cells
Most aggressive, Fxn is to recognition and elimination of cells infected with viruses and abnormal host cells (cancer). Once it binds, it produces several cytokines and toxic molecules to kill target
What is specific immunity also called
acquired, adaptive immunity
What are the functions of adaptive immunity
Recognize self from non-self, memory, and specificity
What is memory?
remember antigen and how to attack it
What is Specificity?
antigen specifically recognized by antibody
What are the 2 arms of Specific Immunity
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Antibody recognizing antigen and binds to it; this can result in direct inactivation or activation of a variety of inflammaroty mediators that destroy the pathogen? Creates memory cells or effector cells, which make antibodies
What are the functions of antibodies
neutralize bacterial toxins, neutralize viruses, promote phagocytosis of bacteria, and boost inflammatory response.
Cellular Immunity
T cells, the different types of cells they differentiate into and the cytokines they secreate
What are cytokines?
They are messangers- trigger cell mediators to create more and take down antigens
What are B cells?
B cells are lymphocytes, that have a antibody on surface that will bind to antigen, once activated by help T will produce progeny of memory and plasma cells– which produce antibodies
What are the antibodies of B cells?
IgG - 2 response, IgM 1 response, 1GA, Ige Allergies
What are T cells?
directly destroy antigen (killer T), can stimulate T and B cell ( helper T cell), inhibit T & B cell (suppressor T cell) and remembers antigen for future encounter (memory T cell)
Infection
The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
virulence
the capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease
pathogenicity
the ability of an agent to produce disease. This depends on the speed of the reproduction, extent of tissue damage, and production of toxins
Modes of Transmission of Infection
human to human (maternal-child, bodily fluid), direct (ingestion/ wound), vector (mosquito)
Inflammation
a collection of conditions including: redness, swelling, heat, aches, and pain associated with the damaged tissue and organ orchestrated by means of the body’s immunity process
What are the local symptoms of inflammation?
Redness (erythema), swelling (edema), heat, pain, exudate ( serous (yellow body fluid), fibrinous, purlent (extreme infection), hemmorhagic (blood))
What are the systemic changes due to inflammation?
fever, leukocytosis, increase in plasma proteins, Septic Shock = decrease bp, increase in HR & RR, infection, and scar tissue formation
Acute Inflammation
a defensive response to stimuli causing a protective vascular connective tissue rxn?. A HEALTHY response by the body to a harmful situation
Chronic Inflammation
dangerous, out of control immunologic RXN lasting longer thatn 2 weeks, persistence of infection, antigen or foreign body, prolonged irritation, auto-antibodies
What are the categories of Aspirin?
Anti-inflammatory Agents, Salicylates
What are the actions of Aspirin?
ASA- inhibit COX-1 & COX 2 and inhibits the synthesis of protagladins, resulting in analgesia, anti-inflammatory activity and platelet aggregation
What is the brand name of Aspirin?
Acetylsalicyclic, ASA
What are the indication for use of Apirin?
treatment of mild to moderate pain; fever; various inflammatory conditions; reduction of risk of death in MI PT w/ previous infarction, unstable angina pectoris, recurrent transient ischemia attacs, stroke in men who had transient brain ischemia caused by platelt emboli
What are the side/adverse effect of Aspirin?
bleeding, GI irritation, Reye syndrome in children w/ acute febrile illness, renal/hepatic toxicity.
