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Pathophysiology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammatory response

A

expected body response to injury

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2
Q

Chronic inflammatory response

A

altered inflammatory response due to unrelenting injury

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3
Q

Immune Response

A

the third line of defense, which wages a specific defense mechanism targeted at certain harmful invaders in the body

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4
Q

Injury

A

any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues

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5
Q

Vascular Response

A

increase blood flow to the site of injury

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6
Q

Cellular Response

A

alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury

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7
Q

Dilate

A

widen

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8
Q

Permeable

A

losens to allow cells to easily move fromt eh vessel into the injured tissue

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9
Q

endothelial cells

A

from teh inner lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart (tight junctions)

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10
Q

Basement membrane

A

outer membrane of the vessels- separates the vessel from the tissues of the bdoy

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing and removing harmful agents

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12
Q

Exudate

A

watery fluid

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13
Q

Inflammatory Mediators

A

facilitate the process of widening and loosening hte blood vessels at the site of injury. Location is important because they must constantly be ready for any injury in the body

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14
Q

Mast Cells

A

important inflammatory mediator, leukocyte (WBC) that is housed throughout the connective tissue of the body and near all blood vessels

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15
Q

Degranulation

A

mast cell breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in the form of the extracellular granules (grain- like particles)

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16
Q

Basophil

A

WBC that also contains granules, functions the same as a mast cell that degranulate

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17
Q

Cytokines

A

more than a hundred distinct cell proteins most often found within white blood cells that have a vital role in regualting inflammation- active from teh onset of vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to the resolution of hte inflammatory response

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18
Q

Platelet Activating Factor

A

complex lipid stored in cell membranes, including those of endothelial cells that line blood vessels and in many othe rtypes of cells that can become injured

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19
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

substance derived from the plasma membrane of an injured cell, which generates various inflammatory mediators though a complex chemical conversion

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20
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

specific inflammatory mediators are activated which attract specific types of cells (Ie neutrophil chemotactic factor attracts neutrophils)

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21
Q

Adherence

A

the atraction and binding of cells to a specific locaiton to promote healing

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22
Q

Diapedesis

A

cells can move between and through endothelial junctions

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23
Q

Cardinal signs

A

the local manifestations of acute inflammation, includes redness, heat swelling, pain, and loss of function

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24
Q

Erythema

A

redness

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25
lymphadenitis
enlargement and inflammation of nearby lymp nodes (can occur as a function if filtering or draining harmful substances at the injury site)
26
Pyrexia
fever (elevated core body temp)
27
Leukocytosis
elevation in white blood cells, or leukocytes, with a count usually above 10,000/mm3 (typically WBC between 5,000-10,000_
28
Throbus
protective clot and subsequent scab- forms aphysical barrier to prevent additional harmful substances from entering the wound. also prevents loss of plasma
29
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
the layers of the architectural structures that support the cells
30
Re-epithelialization
movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound
31
Parenchymal tissues
those tissues made up of cells with a specific function (such as neurons, myocardial cells, and epithelial cells)
32
Fibroblasts
important cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer, stimulated my macrophages
33
Collagen
helps to fill the gaps left afte rthe removal of damaged tissues, manufactured and secreted by fibroblasts. Excess production leads to tissue fibrosis and can result in scarring at the site of injury
34
Glycoproteins
regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for attachment of the cells to the matrix, and prompt the cells to function
35
provisional matrix
temporatry matrix formed in response to injury- promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at hte site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells
36
Granulation Tissue
connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts
37
Angiogenesis
the generation of new blood vessels at the site. Needed for oxygen/CO2 exchange and to provide other nutrients to the newly developing tissue
38
Resolution
healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells, such as a small superfivial scratch or mild sunburn. Epithelial cells basically slough and regenerate without incident. Healing is rapid
39
Regeneration
of paranchymal tissues only occurs in cells that undergo mitotic division. Accomplished through proliferation, differentiation, and diapedesis. A process of reformation of parenchymal tissues, which can only occur in those cells that undergo mitotic divsion
40
Proliferation
growth and reproduction
41
Differentiation
cells mature and become more specialized
42
Diapedesis
migration to nearby cells
43
Labile Cells
cells that constantly regenerate through mitosis, particularly epithelial cells of the skin, GI tract, urinary tract, and cells in bone marow
44
Stable cells
stop regenerating when growth is complete but can resume regeneration if injured (ex hepatocytes in liver)
45
Permanent Cells
Examples: neurons, cardiac myocytes, and lens of the eye. Do not undergo mitosis, and are unable to regenerate. When damaged, the functional tissue is replaced with connective tissue (scar)
46
Primary intention
wound is basically closed iwth all areas of this wound connecting and healing simultaneously. Risk for infection is reduced and scarring is minimal. Wounds with edges that are lined up or close together heal this way
47
Secondary intention
craterlike wounds, heal from bottom up. This process is much slower and more involved than primary intention. Greater risk for infection and scarring
48
Perfusion
passage of oxygenated blood
49
ulcers
circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membranes, necrotic and open to further invasion by microorganisms. Often resistant to healing because of lack of perfusion to the site and persistent habitation by microorganisms. Common complication of gastritis
50
Dehiscence
problem of deficient scar formaiton in which the skin splits or burts open aht teh suture line. Opens to invasion by micororganims. Possible complication after surgery because of mechanical stresses put on the wound during movement or coughing. Poor development of extracellular matrix and ineffective or inadequate collagen is often the cause
51
Keloids
hyertrophic scars that result from excessive collagen production at the siteof injury- occur more in people with highly pigmented skin
52
Proteinases
enzymes that destroy elastin and other tissue components- help break down dead tissue but responsbile for ongoing tissue destruction at and surrounding the site of persistent injury
53
Granuloma
nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances. Granulomas typically form when the injury is too difficult to control by usual inflammatory and immune mechanisms
54
Giant Cells
phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage
55
Epithelioid cells
gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around the affected area. Inside the wall, macrophages are busy phagocytizing harmful substances
56
Superficial Partial Thickness Burns
damage to epidermis. First degree burn
57
Deep Partial Thickness Burns
Damage epidermal skin layers and penetrate some dermal skin layers Second Degree burn
58
Full Thickness BUrns
damage the epidermis and dermis, and can penetrate subcutaneous layers as well. Third degree burn
59
Contractures
areas of thick shortened and rigid tissue
60
Shock
caused by inadequate blood in circulation, state of inadequate perfusion (oxygenated blood flow) to peripheral tissues
61
Eschar
thick, coagulated crust- in full thickness burns dead tissue and exudate convert in to this- must be surgically removed to prevent extensive microorganism growth
62
Serous exudate
clear fluid that seeps out of the tissues
63
Debridement
process of mechanically removigin debris, including necrotic tissue, form the wound
64
Arthritis
genertic term for degeneration or inflammation of the joints and refers to a group of diseases varying pathogenesis
65
Pannus
grannulation tissue tha tforms over the inflammed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogensis. Filled with synovial cels, which under go hyperplasia and magrate, along with pannus, over the cartilage
66
Ankylosisq
debilitating fixation of the joint- can be casued by fibrosis impairing joint mobility
67
Gastritis
inflammation of the lining of hte stomach, or gastric mucosa, thereby impairing gastric function. Can be acute or chronic
68
Dyspepsia
vague epigastric discomfort associated with nasea and heartburn- possible clinical manifestation of chronic gastritis caused by Heliobacter pylori
69
Fistula
abnormal track or passage that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue
70
Absecess
pocket of pururlent (containing pus) exudate, likely to develop at hte base of a fistula
71
Occult
hidden
72
Friability
state where tissue readily bleed
73
Sepsis
bacteria infection of the blood

PathoPharm (6 decks)

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