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PathoPharm > Chapter 5 Pahtophysiology Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Pahtophysiology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

a state of cellular, tissue, and sometimes even organ destruction resulting from invasion by microorganisms

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2
Q

Resident flora

A

microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas, such as the skin, mucous membranes,bowel, rectum or vagina, without causing harm

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

disease producing microbe

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4
Q

pathogenicity

A

qualities that promote the production of disease- involves multiple factors including the pathogen’s potency, invasiveness, ability to evade the immune system, speed of replication, production of toxins, adherence of the human host cell, and degree of tissue damage that is elicited

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5
Q

virulence

A

potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared wiht the number of people exposed to the micororganisms

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6
Q

Infectivity

A

proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogen’s ability to enter, survive in, and multiply in the host

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7
Q

Toxigenicity

A

ability of the pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage

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8
Q

Antigenicity

A

level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign. A more antigenic pathogen elicits a more prominent immune response

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9
Q

Antigenic variability

A

process of eluding the human host defenses and is often a result of altering teh antigens present within or on the surface of the microorganism. Many infectious microorganisms can escape human host defenses though slight genetic variations unrecognized by the host

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10
Q

Pathogenic defense mechanism

A

ways in which many pathogens have developed ways to avoid destruction by the host, such as through thick protective capsules, which prevent phagocytosis

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11
Q

coinfection

A

phenomena of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously. certain pathogens are more likely to be transmitted and to coexist in the host. Coinfection presents a greater challenge to the immune system

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12
Q

Superinfection

A

when an infection arises in addition to teh one that is already present. Often results from a compromised host defenses and overproliferation of resident flora

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13
Q

Obligate parasites

A

require the host for metabolism and reproduction

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14
Q

Facultative parasite

A

may live on the host but can also survive independently

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15
Q

Bacteria

A

single-celled microorganisms- most can reproduce outside of host cells

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16
Q

Aerobic

A

require oxygen for growth

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17
Q

Anaerobic

A

do not require oxygen for growth

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18
Q

Endotoxin

A

complex of phospholipid- polysaccharaide molecules that form the structural component of the gram-negative cell wall. Causes inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to massive inflammatory response

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19
Q

Pyogenic Bacteria

A

endotoxin containing bacteria that can induce fever

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20
Q

exotoxins

A

potent substances, often bacterial-derived proteins, released into the surrounding tissues that case local or systemic injury in the host

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21
Q

Virus

A

considered obligate intracellular parasite

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22
Q

Virions

A

particles released by the virus outside of the cell, which can enter and infect nearby cells

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23
Q

Latency

A

dormancy

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24
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular form of fungi

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25
Q

mold

A

multicellular fungi

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26
Q

pseudohyphae

A

elongated chains formed by yeast through budding

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27
Q

hyphae

A

tubular branches formed by mold colonies

28
Q

mycelium

A

clusters of hyphae

29
Q

mycoses

A

infections with fungi

30
Q

maceration

A

a softening and breaking down of tissue (skin to skin contact- beneath breasts, diaper area of infants, between toes, nail beds, and oral mucosa), often related to excessive moisture and is required for candidal infections to gain a foothold

31
Q

Vector

A

vehicle that harbors a pathogen and carries it to the host. Biological vectors are those that support teh life cycle of the pathogen. Mechanical vectors are not essential to the life cycle of the pathogen

32
Q

Communicable disease

A

those that are spread form person to person often through contact with infected blood and body fluids

33
Q

Autoclave

A

device that uses steam heat at high pressures to sterilize objects

34
Q

direct contact

A

transmission of a communicable disease by physically touching or otherwise coming into contact wiht the reservoir. Also includes touching a surface in the contaminated person’s environment

35
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

larger respiratory particles, produced by sneezing, coughing, or talking can pass through the air form the reservoir to the host. Host must be in 3 ft of reervoir

36
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

smaller respiratory particles can remain suspended in the air and are subject to airborne transmission. Infection can be transmitted to a person who enters this area and breathes air

37
Q

Vector Transmission

A

transmitted by vector

38
Q

Universal precautions

A

standard of health care that recognizes all blood and body fluid as potentially infected. Dictatet hat health care providers wear gloves and having any contact with blood and body fluid

39
Q

Host

A

individual who is exposed to and contracts the indfection

40
Q

Exposure

A

Contact with pathogen through any of the following: direct contact, droplet transmission, airborne transmission, or vector transmission

41
Q

Incubation

A

phase extends from exposure to the onset of any signs or symptoms

42
Q

Prodome

A

phase involves the onset of vague, nonspecific signs and syptoms, including fatigue, low grade fever, nausea, weakness, and generalized muscle aches. “under the weather” phase

43
Q

Acute Clinical Illness

A

phase that represents the manifestations to full recovery fromt eh disease. Fatigue common during this phase

44
Q

Septicemia

A

occurs when microorganisms gain access to the blood and ciruclate throughout the body

45
Q

Bacteremia

A

septicemia caused by bacteria

46
Q

Septic Shock

A

process of systematic vasodilation due to severe infection, often with gram-negative bacteria (endotoxin component)

47
Q

Purulent

A

containing pus

48
Q

Reassortment

A

gradual change in genetic composition during replication in the human host cell- results in viral offspring with altered antigenic properties- help escape host defenses

49
Q

Kupffer cells

A

phagocytes housed in the liver that engulf and destroy aged red blood cells

50
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow tinged skin color and sclera of eyes

51
Q

Icteric phase

A

a stage of liver disease marked by jaundice

52
Q

Erythorpoiesis

A

formation of new RBC

53
Q

Fulminant Hepatitis

A

hepatic failure from severe acute hepitis

54
Q

cirrhosis

A

end stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage

55
Q

prodrome

A

a period of fatigue, anorexia, malaise, headache, and low grade fever. Usually lasts about 2 weeks

56
Q

Icterus

A

marked by the onset of jaundice, dark urine, and clay colored stools 2 weeks after exposure to Hepatitis virus. this phase corresponds to the clinical illness phase- lasts 2-6 weeks. Liver is enlarged and tender

57
Q

Recovery

A

marked by resuolution of jaundice around 8 weeks after the initial exposure to the virus. Signs and symptoms improved with the exception of the liver, which remains enlarged and tender for an additional 1-4 weeks

58
Q

Ascending

A

the upward movement of an infection

59
Q

Dysuria

A

pain with urination

60
Q

Urgency

A

the need to immediatley urinate

61
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in urine

62
Q

pyuria

A

purulent exudate in urine

63
Q

pyelonephritis

A

an acute kidney infection, caused by untreated UTI

64
Q

Dermatophyte

A

fungal infections of the skin, hair and hails

65
Q

Kernig sign

A

the patient is placed supine with knees bent and hips flexed. The practictioner lifts and extends one knee upward. Considered positive if moving the leg upward stretches the irritated meninges and elicits pain

66
Q

Brudzinski Sign

A

Patient is supine, practitioner quickly flexes the irritated meninges at the neck. A positive occurs when the patient protects teh irritated meninges by involuntarily flexing the hips and knees

PathoPharm (6 decks)

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