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HEENOT > Pathophysiology - olfaction, taste, vision, hearing, balance > Flashcards

Pathophysiology - olfaction, taste, vision, hearing, balance Flashcards

1
Q

Flavor

A

the result of the combination of smell, taste, irritation, temp and texture - smell is most important contributor to flavor.

taste is often confused w/ olfaction. people consume food and beverages w/ a mixture of taste and smell

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2
Q

anosmia

A

lack of smell

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3
Q

hyposmia

A

decrease in smell; physiological effect of aging - olfactory receptors and bulb fibers decrease as does the ability to replace them; elderly also have decline in mucous production

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4
Q

dysosmia

A

distortion of smell (often happens w/ seizures)

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5
Q

ageusia

A

absence of taste

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6
Q

hypogeusia

A

decreased sensitivity of taste

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7
Q

dysgeusia

A

distortion of taste (usually d/t a comorbid condition that produces change in the amount of saliva - ex: flagyl causing metalic taste)

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8
Q

Who has a more sensitive sense of smell?

A

women - particularly around ovulation

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9
Q

Describe the specificity of olfactory receptors

A

There’s a specific receptor for each type of odiferous compound - you can percieve millions of different smells. To smell something, you only have to have a density in the air of a few ppm

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10
Q

How does sensitivity of olfaction vary?

A

varies widely among species. There is a genetic basis for some odors - your ability to smell certain things is inherited by genetic pattern (think N95 mask fit test)

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11
Q

pheremones

A

different kind of smell - not a conscious smell. Shut off sexual urges when smelling siblings pheromones

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12
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

top of nasal cavities; 10-20 million bipolar neurons that constantly regenerate 3-7 weeks - only neurons to do that in adult

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13
Q

primary odors

A

camphor, musky, floral, peppermint, ether, pungent and putrid

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14
Q

Where do olfactory neurons synapse?

A

on mitral cells of olfactory bulbs

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15
Q

Where do mitral neurons project to?

A

either clumps of neurons in the anterior olfactory nuclei or through olfactory trigone into striae

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16
Q

Where do medial stria project?

A
  • anterior nucleus of the thalamus
  • bulb of other side
  • basal forebrain to modulate bulb neurons
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17
Q

Lateral stria fibers project to where?

A

to the uncus (actually medial part of amygdala which projects to the MD nucleus of the thalamus and hippocampus)

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18
Q

From uncus, fibers project where?

A

to primary olfactory cortex which is in the orbitofrontal area

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19
Q

What is smell tied in to?

A

thalamus and libmic system

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20
Q

What is unique to the pathway of the olfactory system?

A

it is the only sense projecting to the cortex (uncus) w/o first relaying through the thalamus

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21
Q

Where does the focus of seizure activity most often start?

A

in the uncus.

22
Q

uncinate fits

A

right before a seizure starts in the uncus, people claim to smell the most awful smell

23
Q

piriform cortex

A

amygdala, uncus, and parahippocampus. – all part of limbic system

24
Q

When the thalamus receives info from the cortex, where does it project to?

A

the limbic system - attaches emotion to the perception of the environment

25
Q

the limbic system projects where?

A

to the hypothalamus

26
Q

what drives sympathetics and parasympathetics

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

gustatory dysfunction

A

after 60, the 5 tastes decrease; also less saliva

eldery require a 2-3 fold increase in salt

28
Q

There are primary gustatory neurons related to which CNs?

A
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
29
Q

What n. provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN VII - facial

30
Q

What CNs exit from the pontomedulary jxn?

A
  • CN VI
  • CN VII
  • CN VIII
31
Q

facial colliculus

A

midpoint of the 4th ventricle

32
Q

What produces the facial colliculus?

A

the facial motor nucleus sends fibers up around (only one that travels backwards) the nucleus of CN VI

33
Q

all taste impulses travel through what?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

also has VAs of CNVII coming back from salivary glands and taste buds

34
Q

temporal retina sees what visual field?

A

nasal

35
Q

which retinal are ipsilateral?

A

temporal

36
Q

optic tracts contain what?

A

opposite visual fields. e.g. the right optic tract contains the left visual fields

37
Q

optic tract terminates where?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

38
Q

the right occipital lobe sees what?

A

left visual field and vice versa

39
Q

what is the purpose of the association areas that surround the primary visual cortex?

A

in order to interpret what you see info must be sent from the primary visual cortex to the association areas

40
Q

What is the area of the thalamus that retinal projection synapse in for relay to the cortex?

A

LGN

41
Q

What is another area aside from the LGN that retinal projects synapse in before traveling to area 17?

A

pulvinar

42
Q

fxn of pulvinar

A

saccade (tracking the face to establish a 3D picture)

43
Q

there are direct retinal projections to the LGN, pulvinar and what other structure?

A

superior colliculus

44
Q

pathway from the superior colliculus - and its significance

A

superior colliculus projects to:

  1. CN 3,4,6.
    - vision is connected to extraoccular eye muscles
  2. cervical spinal cord (tectospinal tract)
    - vision is connected to head movement
  3. passes by MGN
    - vision is connected to hearing
45
Q

If you are blind in your right eye and shine a light in your left eye, both pupils will constrict. explain this.

A

the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is bilateral. It has preganglionic parasympathetics and both of the nuclei send impulses to ciliary ganglion to constrict pupils

46
Q

What is the auditory pathway from the cochlea?

A

vestibulocochlear n. travels to the dorsal/ventral cochlear nuclei, then to the lateral limniscus (bilateral) to the inferior colliculus to the MGN to the primary auditory cortex (transverse gyrus of Heschl)

47
Q

If you have a stroke involving 1 side of brain, where do you lose hearing?

A

you dont. it’s a bilateral system

48
Q

how do the transmission of sound waves get from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani?

A

through the hellicotrema

49
Q

What is the vestibular pathway?

A

CNVIII projects through the ICP (inf. cerebellar peduncle) into 4 different nuclei headed to the cerebellum. vestibular nucleus (balance) –> MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus).

50
Q

the medial longitudinal fasiculus connects what?

A

the vestibular nucleus bilaterally to CN 3,4,6. Thats why if you focus on 1 point you can keep focused while moving your head around.

51
Q

What happens if the MLF is disrupted?

A

dolls eye (no jerking movements)

HEENOT (13 decks)

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