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HEENOT > Ear Physiology > Flashcards

Ear Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Proprioception

A

knowing where the body is

  • not part of the vestibular system
  • systemic
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2
Q

What are the two main portions of the vestibular system

A
  1. Semicircular canals

2. Otolith system

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3
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect?

A

rotational movement

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4
Q

what does the otolith system detect?

A
  • linear acceleration

- gravity

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5
Q

What are the three anatomical parts of the semicircular canals

A
  1. canals
  2. ampulla
  3. Crista ampularis
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6
Q

What are the three semicircular canals

A

Anterior semicircular canal
Posterior
Lateral

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7
Q

What is the ampulla of the semicircular canals?

A
  • swollen end

- contains the crust ampularis

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8
Q

What is the crista ampularis?

where located?

A
  • the sensory organ of the semicircular canals

- located in the ampulla

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the semicircular canals

A

Vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

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10
Q

Crista ampullaris

  • cell type (description)
  • what CN does it synapse on?
A
  • hair cells

- synapse on vestibular fibers of CNVIII

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11
Q

what is the structure that sits above the hair cells of the crista ampullaris?

A

cupola

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12
Q

Describe cupola

A
  • gelatinous
  • moves with the fluid in the semicircular canal
  • stereo cilia of hair cells is embedded in it
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13
Q

Semicircular canal hair cell excitation

- what is sensed

A
  • rotational movement moves the fluid which rocks the cupola

- the rocking cupola moves the stereocilia hairs

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14
Q

What four structures are involved in the otolith system

A
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Otolith membrane
  • otolith
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15
Q

How are the macula arranged in the Utricle

A

horizontal - senses movement in the horizontal plane

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16
Q

How are the macula arranged in the saccule

A

vertical - senses movement in the vertical plane

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17
Q

What are the macula composed of?

A
  • hair cells

- sustenacular cells

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18
Q

What two types of hair cells are in the macula

A
  • stereocilia

- kinocilium (type of stereocilia)

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19
Q

Otolith membrane

  • composition
  • what is embedded in it?
  • what sits on it?
A
  • gelatinous
  • stereocilia embedded in
  • otolith rest on top
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20
Q

What are the otolith made of?

A

CaCO3

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21
Q

What do the otolith do?

A
  • provide weight and inertia

- negative inhibition by dampening the gelatinous otolith membrane: takes more movement to affect the hair

22
Q

Where do the axons first travel out of the vestibular system?

A

into the vestibular nuclei

located low in the brainstem

23
Q

What 5 areas does the vestibular pathway radiate to from the vestibular nuclei?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. CN III, CN IV, CN VI nuclei for vestibular-oclear reflex
  3. reticular formation
  4. Spinal cord
  5. thalamus -> cortex
24
Q

Two main vestibular related diseases

A
  1. nystagmus

2. vertigo

25
Q

4 main causes of vertigo

A
  1. Labyrinthitis
  2. Meniere’s Disease
  3. CN VIII pathology (acoustic neuroma, etc.)
  4. systemic illness
26
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear?

A

auricle - helix, antihelix, lobule, tragus, antitragus

External auditory canal

27
Q

General list of structures within the middle ear

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • auditory canal
  • ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  • auditory muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius
28
Q

tensor tympani

A

attached to manubrium of malleus; contraction pulls malleus from TM

29
Q

stapedius

A

attached to stapes; contraction pulls stapes away from oval window; mediated by tympanic reflex - response to loud sounds

30
Q

Structures of the inner ear

A
  • bony labyrinth

- membranous labyrinth: cochlea (organ of corti), vestibule, semicircular canals

31
Q

Perilymph

A

contained within the bony labyrinth, surrounding the membranous labyrinth

32
Q

What fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

33
Q

chambers of the cochlea

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala media: cochlear duct; endolymph
  • scala tympani
34
Q

reissner membrane

A

separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular canal (roof of cochlear duct)

35
Q

basliar membrane

A

separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic canal (floor of cochlear duct)

36
Q

What structure of the ear generates the impulse for hearing?

A

Organ of Corti

37
Q

Describe the sound waves at the oval window

A

high frequency

38
Q

Describe the sound waves at the apex of the cochlea

A

low frequency - slower wave length

39
Q

The organ of Corti generates what?

A

nerve impulses in response to basilar membrane movement

40
Q

hair cells

A

mechanoreceptors that synapse w/ cochlear nerve endings through stereocilia touching the tectorial membrane

41
Q

hair cells are equivalent to what cells in the eye?

A

photoreceptors

42
Q

What excites the hair cells?

A

movement of the basilar membrane. it rocks and excites hair cells.

43
Q

General makeup of the stereocilia on the hair cells

A

mechanically sensitive cation channels. When they depolarize and release a neurotransmitter they synapse at the spiral ganglion on cochlear nerve endings. When repolarized a resting potential is established.

44
Q

How is ionic potential of the hair cell maintained?

A

endolymph: high K+ and low Na+
perilymph: low K+ and high Na+

45
Q

Auditory pathway

A

the impulse leaves the ear through the spiral ganglion and terminate in the dorsal/ventral chochlear nuclei. From there the axons project to the inferior colliculus, then to the MEDIAL geniculate nucleus and into the auditory cortex to be interpreted.

46
Q

amplitude

A

intensity of sound wave

47
Q

frequency

A

pitch and tone of sound wave

48
Q

short wavelength

A

more waves, high frequency, high sound

49
Q

long wavelength

A

less waves, low frequency, low sound

50
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

ear canal or middle ear; obstruction

51
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

most common; occurs in nerves and is permaneny

52
Q

mixed hearing loss

A

combo of conductive and sensorineural

HEENOT (13 decks)

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