Pathophysiology of Upper GI Flashcards
congenital
present at birth
does NOT mean hereditary
atresia
condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent
stenosis
narrowing
can be anywhere in the tube or acquired from scarring
fistula
an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or intestine and another organ, vessels, intestine, or the skin
hernia
opening to nowhere; NOT shared between two systems like a fistula
diverticula
blind ended sac/outpouching
cheilitis
inflammation of the peri oral area
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
gingivitis
inflammation of the gingiva
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
colitis
inflammation of the colon
typhlitis
inflammation of the cecum
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
cholangitis
inflammation of the biliary system
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
how to describe pathology
- distribution
- acute/chronic
- appearance (color, size, etc)
- location
pathology of the mucosa
ulcerative vs erosive injury
ulcerative injury
partial damage to the mucosa
only occurs in areas with multiple layers
how does ulcerative injury occur
trauma
ischemia
viral epithelial necrosis
erosive injury
complete loss of mucosa
GI protective mechanisms
- pre epithelial (mucus and propulsions)
- epithelial (tight junctions)
- post epithelial (fenestrated capillaries to replenish nutrients)
pre-epithelial protection: mucus
prevents pathogens from reaching the epithelium
- contains immunoglobulins and peptides
- colon: contains microbiota
pre-epithelial protection: propulsions
secreted and ingested fluids flush pathogens to prevent them from collecting along epithelium
mostly SECRETED fluids
epithelial protection: cell turnover
rapid turnover of epithelial cells matches the rate of viral replication –> prevents virus from affecting overall epithelium
mitotic activity occurs at stem cells in the crypts and pushes upward (oldest cells are closest to the lumen)
young animals have slower cell turnover - more prone to disease
epithelial protection: apical junctional complex
impermeable junctions between epithelial cells
barrier: highly selective about what can enter
fence: establishes cell polarity
signaling: communicates with neighboring cells if damaged
epithelial protection: brush border
microvilli along lumen side of the epithelial cells
- forms glycocalyx
glycocalyx
glycoprotein layer between microvilli that blocks pathogens and allows nutrients
- contains microbials and enzymes
