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VET 405: GI > Abdominal Radiographs > Flashcards

Abdominal Radiographs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the standard projections for abdominal radiographs

A

right lateral
ventrodorsal

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2
Q

what provides contrast to see the outlines of organs within the abdominal cavity

A

fat (fat in omentum and falciform ligament)

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3
Q

what provides contrast to see the outlines of things within the GI tract

A

gas

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4
Q

what machine settings are best for abdominal radiographs

A

low kVp and high mAs

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5
Q

summation

A

overlapping structures with a different opacity in between makes the area brighter

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6
Q

silhouette

A

overlapping structures of same opacity makes the margins indistinct
(ex fluid in the abdomen)

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7
Q

what are the boundaries of the abdomen

A
  1. diaphragm (cranial border)
  2. spinal (dorsal border)
  3. body wall (ventral border)
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8
Q

which crus of the diaphragm is more cranial in right lateral

A

right crus

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9
Q

which crus of the diaphragm is more caudal in right lateral

A

left crus

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10
Q

what is the normal appearance of the ventral body wall

A

extends from liver to pubis in a shallow convexity

deep chest: may appear concave
overweight: may appear distended

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11
Q

peritoneal detail

A

the visibility of serous surfaces of organs
- surrounded by fat, should normally have distinct margins

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12
Q

what view is best for evaluating peritoneal detail

A

lateral because the animal is at its thinnest

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13
Q

what does good peritoneal detail mean

A

sharp/clear serosal margins

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14
Q

what does increased peritoneal detail mean

A

air in the peritoneum
(pneumoperitoneum)

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15
Q

what does poor peritoneal detail mean

A
  • young (normal)
  • thin (normal)
  • diseased (abnormal)
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16
Q

categories of poor detail

A
  1. focal
  2. mottled
  3. generalized/diffuse
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17
Q

focal area of poor detail

A
  • mass
  • focal peritonitis
  • small effusion
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18
Q

mottled area of poor detail

A
  • severe peritonitis
  • carcinomatosis
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19
Q

generalized/diffuse area of poor detail

A
  • effusion
  • young/thin
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20
Q

types of effusion

A

transudate
exudate
blood
urine

(all appear soft tissue opaque)

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21
Q

how to diagnose free air in the abdomen

A

positional radiographs
- upright and cross table studies
- expect gas to rise to right underneath diaphragm in upright
- expect gas to rise to under the ribs in cross table

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22
Q

what side of the patient is the fundus on

A

left side; located in left crus of diaphragm

large compartment

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23
Q

where is the body of the stomach

A

across/intersecting the spine

more dorsally located

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24
Q

what side of the patient is the pylorus on

A

right side; located more ventrally

small compartment

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25
Q

how to localize stomach in radiographs

A

take multiple positions to see where the gas moves

will move to the highest compartment in the stomach

26
Q

where does gas move in left lateral

A

pylorus

27
Q

where does gas move in right lateral

A

fundus

28
Q

where does gas move in dv

A

fundus

29
Q

where does gas move in vd

A

body

30
Q

causes of gastric enlargement

A
  1. gas
  2. fluid
  3. food
31
Q

gastric dilation

A

enlarged, gas filled stomach in normal position

may extend past ribs - use location of fundus/pylorus

32
Q

gastric torsion

A

enlarged, gas filled stomach in abnormal position

33
Q

how to ID gastric torsion on radiographs

A

right lateral: gas will go to pylorus and pylorus will be dorsal to fundus

vd: pylorus will be on the left

soft tissue shelf

34
Q

soft tissue shelf

A

ST opaque line between fundus and pylorus that indicates GDV

35
Q

gastric obstruction

A

fluid filled stomach
- difficult to locate stomach/indistinct margins
- enlarged, fluid opaque stomach with small gas bubble inside

36
Q

what is the normal diameter of a small intestine

A

less than two ribs OR height of vertebral body

should be uniform across all loops

37
Q

categories of small intestine obstruction

A
  1. generalized
  2. focal intraluminal
  3. intramural
38
Q

generalized SI obstruction

A

uniform enlargement along entire SI tract

indicates functional obstruction (enteritis)

39
Q

focal intraluminal SI obstruction

A

areas of distention upstream of obstruction with normal areas downstream

indicates mechanical obstruction (foreign body)

40
Q

linear foreign bodies

A

strings, socks, etc

causes plication of SI along the object (U turn bulges of the SI)

may see crescent shaped gas bubbles

left lateral: gas and ST opacity in pylorus

41
Q

intramural SI obstruction

A

obstruction originating from the wall of the SI that causes narrowing of the lumen

causes gravel sign

42
Q

gravel sign

A

particles accumulate in narrowed lumen where they are unable to pass –> creates mineral intensity in SI

43
Q

how can you determine if an obstruction is acute or chronic

A

degree of dilation

smaller = acute
larger = chronic

44
Q

how to locate colon on radiographs

A

trace backward from pelvis

may contain gas, fluid or feces

descending colon may shift to right (normal)

45
Q

colon obstruction

A

enlargement of the colon

functional obstruction most common
mechanical obstruction unlikely due to ability to reach colon - can usually pass

46
Q

where is the liver located

A

most cranial organ in abdomen
borders:
1. diaphragm (cranial)
2. falciform fat (ventral)
3. stomach (caudal)

47
Q

criteria for determining normal liver size

A
  1. should not extend beyond costal arch
  2. margins should be sharp
  3. normal distance between stomach and liver
  4. gastric axis should be at a normal angle (slight caudal)
48
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver; alters some or all 4 size criteria

  • liver extends beyond costal arch
  • rounded margins
  • large distance between stomach and liver (caudal displacement of stomach)
  • caudally angled gastric axis
49
Q

what direction does enlarged liver push the stomach

A

caudal

fundus is attached to gastrosplenic ligament; body/pylorus rest on the liver

50
Q

focal enlargement of the liver

A

masses, granulomas, abscesses, cysts

changes the normal contour of the liver
- pushes on the stomach –> abnormal curvature but NOT displaced

51
Q

when is hepatomegaly normal

A

young animals
(larger liver size in proportion to their bodies)

52
Q

microhepatica

A

small liver

causes cranial displacement of the stomach/gastric axis

53
Q

when is micro-hepatica normal

A

cats (smaller liver in proportion to falciform fat)

deep chested dogs

54
Q

biliary mineralization

A

tree shaped mineral opacities within the liver

55
Q

choleliths

A

stones in the gallbladder

appear as circular mineral opacity in RIGHT VENTRAL part of liver

56
Q

localizing the spleen on radiographs

A

dogs: proximal and distal part
(proximal is caudal to fundus; distal is mobile)
cats: proximal part only

57
Q

normal spleen appearance

A

sharp margins
triangular

58
Q

splenomegaly

A

generalized enlargement of the spleen
- rounded margins
- retains triangular shape

confirm with vd

59
Q

focal enlargement of the spleen

A

distorts the contour of the spleen
- rounded margins
- loss of triangular shape (becomes rounded)

60
Q

splenic masses

A

displace the kidneys and stomach
- kidneys: caudal
- stomach: mass effect; pushes stomach cranially

can cause effusion –> poor peritoneal detail

61
Q

normal pancreas on radiographs

A

not visible

body is located in gastroduodenal angle (between pylorus, duodenum, and transverse colon)

62
Q

enlarged pancreas

A

only visible if severe enlargement
- focal poor peritoneal detail in cranial abdomen (gastroduodenal angle)
- may see mass effect
- widens gastroduodenal angle

VET 405: GI (19 decks)

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