Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (1) Airway, Respiration and Ventilation > Pathophysiology of Breathing > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Breathing Flashcards

Learn the cellular and molecular involvement in the process of Breathing

1
Q

Define:

ventilation

A

The physical process of air moving in and out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fill in the blank.

When you inhale, the diaphragm _______ and when you exhale, the diaphragm ______.

A

contracts, relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define:

oxygenation

A

Process of loading hemoglobin with oxygen molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Specialized skeletal muscle

There are two types of Specialized skeletal muscle:

  • voluntary
  • involuntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define:

respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 through the alveoli and the body’s tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define:

accessory muscles

A

Secondary muscles of breathing that includes:

  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Trapezius muscles of the neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What pressure do humans use to ventilate?

A

Negative-pressure ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe:

Negative-pressure ventilation

NPV

A
  1. Inhalation causes the thoracic cage to expand.
  2. Air pressure within the thorax decreases, creating a vacuum.
  3. Air is pulled in through the trachea, filling the lungs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define:

partial pressure

A

The amount of gas in the air or dissolved in a liquid.

The amount of oxygen dissolved in our blood is PaO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When more pressure is applied over a liquid, ____ gas can be dissolved into that liquid.

More or less?

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal tidal volume in an adult?

VT

A

5-7 mL/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the normal tidal volume in infants and children?

VT

A

6-8 mL/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define:

dead space

A

The portion of inhaled volume that does not reach the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the formula to calculate minute volume?

VE

A

VT x RR

Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define:

Functional Reserve Capacity

FRC

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled optimally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of process is inhalation and exhalation?

A
  • inhalation: active
  • exhalation: passive
17
Q

What is the feedback loop that prevents overexpansion of the lungs?

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

18
Q

What is the part of the brain that regulates the neural control of ventilation?

A
  • Primary: Medulla oblongata
  • Secondary: Pons
19
Q

Fill in the blank.

The body regulates the depth and rate of ventilation by means of the ___ of the ___.

A

pH, CSF

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

20
Q

Location of the three sets of chemoreceptors that affect respiratory function.

A
  • Carotid bodies
  • Aortic arch
  • Central chemoreceptors
21
Q

Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic arch measure _____ _____ in the arterial blood.

A

carbon dioxide

22
Q

Define:

Hypoxic drive

A

Patients with COPD require less oxygen to please the brain and chemoreceptors to stimulate breathing.

Overoxygenation can negatively affect the body’s desire to breathe.

23
Q

Name the factors that affect the control of ventilation in the body.

A
  • pH
  • PaCO2
  • PaO2
  • temperature
  • medications
  • metabolic rate
24
Q

True or False.

At higher altitudes, there is less oxygen in the atmosphere.

A

False

The amount of oxygen remains the same (21%). However, there is less pressure in the air to bring the oxygen in.

25
Q

Define:

Fraction of Inspired Oxygen

FiO2

A

The amount of inhaled oxygen in air.

21% of oxygen is in room air.

26
Q

What are the normal hemoglobin levels for men and women?

Hgb

A
  • men: 14-16 g/dL
  • women: 12-14 g/dL
27
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?

A

four

28
Q

Define:

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

The relationship between how tightly hemoglobin can hold on to oxygen molecules under certain conditions.

29
Q

Fill in the blank.

A shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve causes hemoglobin to give up oxygen _____.

A

faster

Causes:

  • Acidosis
  • Increased CO2
  • Hyperthermia
30
Q

Fill in the blank.

A shift to the left of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve causes hemoglobin to give up oxygen ______.

A

slower

Causes:

  • Alkalosis
  • Decreased CO2
  • Hypothermia
31
Q

Define:

aerobic metabolism

A

The mitochondria of the cells can adequately convert glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen.

32
Q

What elements is the air composed of?

A
  • Nitrogen 78%
  • O2 21%
  • CO2 0.3%
33
Q

Define:

anaerobic metabolism

A

The mitochondria of the cells are not able to adequately convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen.

34
Q

Define:

V/Q mismatch

A

Ventilation and perfusion are not adequate/match.

35
Q

What causes Respiratory Acidosis?

Hypoventilation

A
  • respiratory distress/failure
  • trauma
  • damaged lungs
  • CNS depression
  • opiate OD
  • Bradypnea
  • CHF
  • head Injury
  • CO poisoning
36
Q

What causes Respiratory Alkalosis?

Hyperventilation

A

Anxiety and panic attack.

37
Q

What causes Metabolic Acidosis?

A
  • Lactic Acidosis: Anaerobic metabolism from hypoperfusion of tissues.
  • Ketoacidosis: Develops when cells are forced to switch to use fatty acids as energy.
  • Acetylsalicylic OD: Taking Aspirin between 10-30 g is overdose, stimulates brain to hyperventilate and renal compensatory.
  • Alcohol: Anti-freeze and alcohol.

Signs/symptoms:

  • vasodilation
  • CNS depression
  • headaches
  • hot skin
  • tachypnea
  • nausea/vomiting
38
Q

What causes Metabolic Alkalosis?

A
  • Excessive loss of acid: From increased urine output or decreased stomach acid.
  • Vomiting: Stomach loses acids through vomiting.
  • Drinking large amounts of water
  • Alkaline substances: Consumption of antacids.

Signs/symptoms:

  • confusion
  • tremors and cramps
  • bradypnea
  • hypotension
39
Q

What is the normal Respiratory Rate in an adult?

A

12-20 breaths/min.

EMT-P (1) Airway, Respiration and Ventilation (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions