Pathophysiology Flashcards
diffusion potential
- voltage by ions diffuse across the cell membrane
- ions diffuse the membrane must be permeable to that ion + concentration gradient
equilibrium potential
diffusion and electrical forces are balanced both sides membrane
membrane potential
- difference in voltage inside and outside cell.
- in nerve and muscle cells, generate nerve impulses, action potentials, muscular contractions.
- changes membrane potential hormone secretion
Electrical potential
ability of separated electrical charges, opposite polarity (+ and -) to do work volts (V)
Potential difference
1.difference between the separated charges - one side of the membrane to the other
2. relatively small - (mv)
Extra and intracellular fluids
1.electrolyte solutions containing - 150-160 mmol/L positively charged ions, equal concentration negatively charged ions.
2. generate and conduct membrane potentials
3. accumulation of the ions on the surface membrane - resting membrane potential (RMP
cell membrane
- regulate substances(particles/ions) enter and leave the cell
2 . Movement through the cell passively (without using energy), or actively (using energy).
3.engulf a particle - endocytosis or exocytosis
chemical gradient
difference in the number of particles on either side membrane creates
electrical gradient
difference in charged particles or ions
electrochemical gradient
(collectively) particles influence both
Three Processes of passive movement
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion
- area of higher concentration 1 side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side. - equally distributed - bth sides
- lipid-soluble molecules like oxygen, alcohol, carbon dioxide, fatty acids
- small openings (pores) in the membrane
The rate (speed) of diffusionl
- The number of openings cell membrane (fast/slow)
- Temperature - rates increase , direct proportion increased temperatures.
Osmosis
1.movement of water area of low solute (few substances dissolved in water) area of high solute (many particles in the water) - equilibrium is achieved.
Aquaporins
Channels water moves through
Facilitated Diffusion
transport protein lipid insoluble or large molecules pass lipid insoluble or large molecules pass otherwise would not be able
pass . e.g transmembrane movement glucose
transmembrane movement of glucose
- Glucose associates with unique transport proteins on the outer surface membrane. through the membrane
released into the intracellular space - speed number of available transport proteins
- Rate bind to and release substance transporting
small ions like sodium and potassium
- electrical charge, it is difficult to pass through the lipid layer of the cell membrane.
- .n many instances, cells require a rapid movement of ions either in or out of the cell in order to function.
- hasten their movement, their way across is via facilitated diffusion through selective ion channels
Ion channels
1.integral proteins - span the width of the cell membrane
2. Specific stimuli cause these proteins to open a channel (or gate) -ions can easily move across
3. channels are very selective - , only allowing passage ions matched
Active transport
cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient.
most studied active transport system
sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase pump.
sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase pump.
1.pump moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular region and returns potassium to the inside
2. Energy used for this process - splitting the high-energy phosphate bond in ATP by the enzyme ATPase.
3. If process did not occur, sodium would remain in the cell and water would follow, cell to swell.
two types of active transport systems
primary and secondary
primary active transport
ATP is used directly to transport the substance.
secondary active transport
1.energy is derived from the primary active transport of one substance - usually sodium
2. the cotransport of a second substance
3a. sodium leaves the cell by primary active transport - concentration gradient developed.
3b. storage of energy sodium is wanting to diffuse back into the cell.