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A|P > Pathophysiology 1.0 > Flashcards

Pathophysiology 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of the body’s response to altered function or disease

Pathophysiology combines elements of pathology and physiology.

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2
Q

What does the term ‘pathology’ mean?

A

The study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease processes

‘Pathology’ comes from the Greek word ‘pathos,’ meaning ‘disease.’

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3
Q

How is physiology defined?

A

The study of body function.

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4
Q

How can pathophysiology be defined?

A

The changes that occur with disease at the organ and cellular level and the effects on total body function.

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5
Q

What is the World Health Organization’s definition of health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

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6
Q

What are the four health goals outlined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in Healthy People 2020?

A
  • Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
  • Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities
  • Promote good health for all
  • Promote healthy behaviors across the life span
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7
Q

How is disease defined?

A

An illness leading to abnormal physiological function of an organ, body structure, or an entire system.

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8
Q

What are the steps involved in the disease process?

A
  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphologic changes
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Diagnosis
  • Clinical course
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9
Q

What are etiologic factors?

A
  1. The causes of a disease.
  2. Most disease processes begin as a result of multiple etiologic factors as seen with cancer, heart disease, or diabetes.
  3. agents can affect single organ or body structure - isolated burn or a broken bone -
    several organs, an entire system-
    multiple systems as seen in cases of sickle cell - anemia or cystic fibrosis.
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10
Q

What are some known etiologic factors?

A
  • Physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation)
  • Chemical agents (poisons, alcohol)
  • Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses)
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Nutritional excesses or deficiencies
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11
Q

What does idiopathic mean in the context of disease?

A

Unknown or nonspecific causes of a disease.

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12
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Conditions that predispose someone to a given disease.

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13
Q

What are the two categories of risk factors?

A
  • Congenital (present at birth)
  • Acquired (occur after birth)
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14
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

1.The development of a disease process.
2. cascade of events occurring at the cellular and tissue level from the initial point of contact
3. etiologic agent to the ultimate manifestation of a disease.

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15
Q

What is morphology?

A

1.The structure of cells or tissues.
2. gross and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a given disease

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16
Q

What are morphologic changes?

A

Gross and microscopic changes characteristic of a given disease.

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17
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of cells at the tissue level.
Diagnosis of many diseases is achieved by studying thin, histologic sections human tissue under a microscope.

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18
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A pathologic or traumatic injury of an organ or tissue.

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19
Q

What methods can be used to evaluate morphological characteristics of a lesion?

A
  • Radiographs
  • Ultrasonography
  • Biopsy
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20
Q

What are clinical manifestations?

A

Ways a disease presents itself

Clinical manifestations can be observed through physical examination and patient history.

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21
Q

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

A

1.) A sign is an objective manifestation, while a symptom is a subjective complaint
2.) sign - fever, edema of an extremity or joint, changes in pupil size, or heightened/diminished reflexes
3.) symptom experience of pain, difficulty breathing, sensation of dizziness

Examples of symptoms include pain and difficulty breathing, while signs can include fever and edema.

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22
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A group of multiple signs and symptoms occurring together

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23
Q

What are complications in the context of disease?

A

Potential adverse effects of a disease and/or treatment

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24
Q

What are sequelae?

A

Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a particular disease

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25
Q

What is the process of diagnosis?

A

Identifying the cause of a given health problem or disease

This includes taking a patient history, physical examination, and sometimes diagnostic testing.

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26
Q

What is the importance of taking a thorough patient history?

A

Determining symptomology, progression, and creating a list of differential diagnoses

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27
Q

What factors are important when deciding upon a diagnosis?

A

Age, gender, race, lifestyle, genetic background, and locality

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28
Q

What is confirmation of a diagnosis?

A

Made through laboratory tests and appropriate imaging techniques

Imaging techniques include X-ray, MRI, and CT scans.

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29
Q

What is the significance of interpreting diagnostic tests?

A

Determining if results are normal or abnormal

30
Q

How is a normal value for a laboratory test determined?

A

1.) Statistically from test results obtained from a select sample of the population
2.) based reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity of the measurement.
3.) Clinical laboratory measurements - standardized to increase the reliability of the measured values.

31
Q

What is validity in the context of clinical laboratory measurements?

A

How a tool measures what it is intended to measure

32
Q

What does reliability refer to in measurements?

A

The likelihood of the same result occurring with repeated testing

33
Q

What is sensitivity in diagnostic testing?

A

Proportion of people with a disease who test positive for that disease

A true-positive result indicates that a highly sensitive test showing a negative result suggests the absence of disease.

34
Q

What is specificity in diagnostic testing?

A

Proportion of people without the disease who test negative for that disease

A true-negative result means that a test correctly identifies normal individuals.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: A test that is 95% specific correctly identifies ______ of 100 normal people.

A

95

36
Q

What are false positive results?

A

Results that incorrectly appear as positive when in reality are truly negative

37
Q

What are false negative results?

A

Results that delay diagnosis and treatment

38
Q

What is predictive value?

A

The ability of a test result or observation to predict the presence of a given disease or condition.

39
Q

Define positive predictive value.

A

The proportion of true-positive results that occurs in a given population.

40
Q

In a breast cancer screening program, who is considered in the positive predictive value?

A

The group of women having ‘suspect breast nodules’ that were later found to have breast cancer.

41
Q

What is negative predictive value?

A

The true negatives in a given population.

42
Q

What do predictive values rely on?

A

Sensitivity and specificity, as well as the prevalence of the condition in the population.

43
Q

How can the clinical course of a disease be categorized?

A

Into 1 of 3 ways: (1) acute, (2) chronic, or (3) subacute.

44
Q

What characterizes an acute disorder?

A

Somewhat severe, but self-limiting.

45
Q

Define chronic disease.

A

Long-term, usually continuous, with exacerbations of symptoms and remissions.

46
Q

Describe subacute disease.

A

In between acute and chronic, not as severe or prolonged.

47
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of disease occurrence in human populations.

48
Q

What factors do epidemiologists examine?

A

Factors contributing to the spread of infectious diseases and risk factors for multifactorial diseases.

49
Q

What is the importance of epidemiologic studies?

A

1.They inform knowledge on disease spread, control, prevention, and elimination.
2. must assess the patterns and characteristics of people affected by a given disease
3. must assess the patterns and characteristics of people affected by a given disease
I.e smoking is related to heart disease
4. decisions are made based on these studies, as well as the allocation of funds and policies

50
Q

What does disease frequency measure?

A

Whether a disease is on the rise or in decline.

51
Q

How is prevalence defined?

A

The number of people with the disease in a population at a given time.

52
Q

How is incidence calculated?

A

By dividing the number of new cases of a disease by the population at risk during a specified time.

53
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The effect of an illness on one’s (quality) life.
I.e decreased mobility that accompanies arthritis.

54
Q

What do mortality statistics deal with?

A

1.The cause of death in a population.
2. age, sex, race,

55
Q

What is the natural history of a disease?

A

1.The progression of that disease when no treatment is provided.
2.Important for formulation of effective treatment plans as well as the development of preventative measures.

56
Q

What does prognosis refer to?

A
  1. The predicted outcome and likelihood of recovery from a disease.
  2. Anticipated survival time, potential complications, risk of treatment, and the patient’s personal health and social history
57
Q

What are the three categories of disease prevention?

A

(1) primary, (2) secondary, (3) tertiary prevention.

58
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Attempts to eliminate risk factors to prevent disease from occurring.

59
Q

Give examples of primary prevention.

A
  • Taking a daily multi-vitamin
  • Vaccinating children
  • Yearly wellness check-ups.
60
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while asymptomatic and curable.

61
Q

Provide examples of secondary prevention.

A
  • Annual Pap smear
  • Colonoscopy screenings
  • Education for smoking cessation.
62
Q

What does tertiary prevention involve?

A

Occurs after diagnosis to reduce complications and/or deterioration.

63
Q

Give an example of tertiary prevention.

A

Use of prescribed medication after a heart attack.

64
Q

What is evidence-based practice?

A

Conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence in patient care decisions.

65
Q

What are clinical practice guidelines?

A

Algorithms and written directives aimed to inform practitioners on health care delivery.

66
Q

List the different types of studies designed to determine risk factors.

A
  • Cross-sectional studies
  • Case-control studies
  • Cohort studies.
67
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Uses simultaneous collection of information to classify exposure and outcome status.

68
Q

What does a case-control study compare?

A

Case subjects (with the outcome) to control subjects (without the outcome).

69
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Involves groups of people born at the same time or sharing characteristics, followed over time.

70
Q

What is the significance of monitoring disease progression?

A

It significantly impacts patient care at both individual and global scales.

71
Q

Why must clinicians understand cellular changes with disease?

A

To effectively address and combat the causes of disease.

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