Pathophysiology Flashcards
What is cellular injury
- when the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
- most diseases start with cellular injury
- Injured cells may recover or die
Hypoxia
is lack of sufficient oxygen, is single most common cause of cellular injury
problems with oxygen entering the blood and problems with transporting oxygen around the body
atrophy
when cells decrease in size and function
hypertrophy
when individual cells increase in size
hyperplasia
where the number of cells increase
metaplasia
where the cells change from one mature cell type into another less mature cell type
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the dynamic steady state that the body uses to regulate responses so as to maintain a state of equilibrium, even when there a many internal and external influences that try to challenge this equilibrium. This state relies on communication between cells, tissues, chemicals and hormones and any organ system that is affected by internal or external change.
Heterostasis
is the term used when the balance moves away from the homeostatic range. Prolonged heterostasis, results in suffering and distress.
Nervous system: What is the myelin sheath
The myelin sheath that is a protective covering around the axon of a neuron, and it plays a part with increasing the impulse conduction along the axon.
Nervous system: What is Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease
In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon is damaged, resulting in display motor or sensory impairment, cranial nerve (brainstem) deficits; imbalance (the cerebellum is affected) and vision impairment.
Nervous System: Bell’s palsey
Bell’s palsey is a one sided facial paralysis that is caused by compression of the Facial nerver (Cr VII).
Sense: what is the somasensory network
The special senses of sight, sound and balance, smell, taste and touch to make sense of the world around us
Endocrine dysfunction
- Dysfunction of the gland of secretion,
- The improper signalling from the target tissue or target organ,
- The hormone may be flagged by the immune system as a foreign substance to be destroyed.
What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids,
androgens and
oestrogen;
What is Aldosterone
Aldosterone (ALD) is a hormone your adrenal glands release that helps regulate blood pressure by managing the levels of sodium and potassium in your blood.
What is hyperaldosteronism
excessive aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands
Difference bettwen primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism
Primary: excessive secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
vs
Secondary: when excessive renin is stimulating the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone
Whta can cause high renin levels?
blood pressure in the kidneys is lower than in the rest of the body
What can excessive cortisol cause
-inhibits the immune system
- inhibits bone formation
- Raises blood glucose
- Increases metabolism
- Increase alertness
Joints
A joint connects 2 or more bones together
function: provide movement and stability o the skeletal muscle
Tendons
tough, flexible bands made up of fibrous connective tissue= connect muscle to bone
ligaments
dense, elastic tissue which connects ends of bones together in order to form a joint
