Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is cellular injury

Answer 1

• when the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
• most diseases start with cellular injury
• Injured cells may recover or die

Question 2

Hypoxia

Answer 2

is lack of sufficient oxygen, is single most common cause of cellular injury

problems with oxygen entering the blood and problems with transporting oxygen around the body

Question 3

atrophy

Answer 3

when cells decrease in size and function

Question 4

hypertrophy

Answer 4

when individual cells increase in size

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

where the number of cells increase

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

where the cells change from one mature cell type into another less mature cell type

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

Homeostasis is the dynamic steady state that the body uses to regulate responses so as to maintain a state of equilibrium, even when there a many internal and external influences that try to challenge this equilibrium. This state relies on communication between cells, tissues, chemicals and hormones and any organ system that is affected by internal or external change.

Question 8

Heterostasis

Answer 8

is the term used when the balance moves away from the homeostatic range. Prolonged heterostasis, results in suffering and distress.

Question 9

Nervous system: What is the myelin sheath

Answer 9

The myelin sheath that is a protective covering around the axon of a neuron, and it plays a part with increasing the impulse conduction along the axon.

Question 10

Nervous system: What is Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease

Answer 10

In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon is damaged, resulting in display motor or sensory impairment, cranial nerve (brainstem) deficits; imbalance (the cerebellum is affected) and vision impairment.

Question 11

Nervous System: Bell’s palsey

Answer 11

Bell’s palsey is a one sided facial paralysis that is caused by compression of the Facial nerver (Cr VII).

Question 12

Sense: what is the somasensory network

Answer 12

The special senses of sight, sound and balance, smell, taste and touch to make sense of the world around us

Question 13

Endocrine dysfunction

Answer 13

• Dysfunction of the gland of secretion,
• The improper signalling from the target tissue or target organ,
• The hormone may be flagged by the immune system as a foreign substance to be destroyed.

Question 14

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 14

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 15

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 15

mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids,
androgens and
oestrogen;

Question 16

What is Aldosterone

Answer 16

Aldosterone (ALD) is a hormone your adrenal glands release that helps regulate blood pressure by managing the levels of sodium and potassium in your blood.

Question 17

What is hyperaldosteronism

Answer 17

excessive aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands

Question 18

Difference bettwen primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 18

Primary: excessive secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
vs
Secondary: when excessive renin is stimulating the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone

Question 19

Whta can cause high renin levels?

Answer 19

blood pressure in the kidneys is lower than in the rest of the body

Question 20

What can excessive cortisol cause

Answer 20

-inhibits the immune system
- inhibits bone formation
- Raises blood glucose
- Increases metabolism
- Increase alertness

Question 21

Joints

Answer 21

A joint connects 2 or more bones together
function: provide movement and stability o the skeletal muscle

Question 22

Tendons

Answer 22

tough, flexible bands made up of fibrous connective tissue= connect muscle to bone

Question 23

ligaments

Answer 23

dense, elastic tissue which connects ends of bones together in order to form a joint