Pathophysiology

Question 1

3 steps of carcinogenesis

Answer 1

Initiation (apoptosis)
Promotion (grow and survive)
Progression (proliferation and differentiation)

Question 2

Osteoarthritis

Answer 2

Non inflammatory
Localized
Bone spurs in joint space

Question 3

Osteoporosis

Answer 3

Altered turnover, resorption rate greater than formation rate, leads to loss of bone mass

Question 4

Osteomalacia

Answer 4

Inadequate bone mineralization
Soft and weakened bones
Deficiency of activated vitamin D causes lack of bone mineralization and low extra cellular Ca and phosph

Question 5

Paget

Answer 5

Dysfunctional turnover
Excessive resorption and formation
Bones become disorganized, weak, and highly vascular

Question 6

Osteomyelitis

Answer 6

Bone infection leading to inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation
Due to MRSA, pseudomonas, E. coli

Question 7

ICP =

Answer 7

Brain tissue + blood + CSF
(Measured at lateral ventricles)

Question 8

CO2’s role in ICP

Answer 8

Increased CO2 leads to vasodilation
Decreased CO2 leads to vasoconstriction

Question 9

3 types of seizures

Answer 9

Focal onset - localized
Generalized onset - bilateral
Unknown onset

Question 10

Types of ischemic stroke

Answer 10

Large artery thrombus
Small penetrating artery thrombus
Carcinogenic embolism
Cryptogenic
Other

Question 11

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 11

Inherited, sex linked
Duchene most common