pathophysiology Flashcards
what is hypertension
high arterial blood pressure at rest
what is stage 1 of hypertension (SAP) (DAP)
SAP: 130-139
DAP: 80-90
what is the cause for primary hypertension
unknown
what are the physiological factors that determine MAP
HR
SV
TPR
how does the physiological factors change with hypertension
increase in peripheral vascular resistance
large change in systolic
why does small changes in diastolic mean large changes in systolic
at higher pressures the arteries are stiffer and less compliant
does arterial compliance reduce or increase with hypertension and age
reduce
what happens to the arterial wall with age
less elastic more collagen - different type and crosslinking
= more stiffer and tighter together
what are the physical factors that determine MAP
- arterial blood volume
- arterial compliance
how do the physical factors (arterial blood volume and arterial compliance) change with hypertension
volume increase
compliance decreases (vessels become sitffer
explain arteriosclerosis
- media thickening
- increase stiffness
explain atherosclerosis
- change of intima
- blockage of arteries
- coronary and peripheral artery disease
during systole what is the flow (high or low)
high
what is the flow of blood caused by
ejection of heart
what is the pulse wave and is it faster than flow heart
very fast
- pressure wave caused by contraction of heart
where to reflections form
form at bifurcation
what vessels are stiffer - proximal or distal
distal
what is pulmonary hypertension
high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
what is normal BP in pulmonary arties and what is PH
normal 15 mmHg and PH >25mmHg
is PH a common diesease
not common - rare
what are the symptoms of PH
non specfic
e.g. breathless, fatigue and chest pain
what changes remodelling of the pulmonary arteries during PH
arteriosclerosis
atheroslerosis
thombosisi - inflamation
what are the causes of remodelling on PH
increase pressure
endothelial dsyfunction
vasodilation and vasoconstriction balance is altered
what are the consequences for the pulmonary systems with PH
- more difficult to pump blood (right side)
increase reistance = increase artery pressy
severe bronchial obstruction
decrease diffusion capacit for O2
hypoxemia
