integration Flashcards by Charlotte Parker

what are necessary factors in oxidative phosphorylation

oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide

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what is RER

respiratory exchange ratio
= VCO2/O2

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if RER close to 1 then what fuel source

CHO

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if RER is close to 0.7 then what is the fuel source

fat

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glycosis (anerobic) can be converted into pyuvate what two things does this convert into

lactic acid
Acetyl CoA

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what is the quickest source of ATP

when we have limited ATP stores
ATP = ADP +Pi
we must constantly synthesize new ATP from our fuel stores of Creatine phosphate and glycogen

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what can recycle ADP/ATP during exercise until used up

PCr

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what pathway out of aerobic and anerobic has more ATP produced

aerobic

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what type of muscles fibres fatigue easily

type 2b - fast twitch

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what type fibres are used for more endurance

slow witch
- type 1

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what can influence muscle fibres

genetics - parents
early sports

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other than VO2 max what is the other parameter important to athletes

lactate accumlution

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what is lactate threshold

lactate begins to accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise when intensity increases

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what is the main fuel source at low intentisy

fat

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what is EPOC

exercise post oxygen consumption
it takes time after exercise for O2 to reach rest levels

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what systems are involved in resotring oxygen levels after exercise (EPOC)

restore ATP and PCr to combust the lactate

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why does CO increase more in trained (8x more than at rest)

HR increases as intensity increases
SV - plateaus

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what is the accurate equation to measure HRmax

208-(0.7 xage)

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what is the relationship for HR at steady state

increase rapid then plateu

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if one athlete has lower HR than other at steady state

then will have better endurance capacity and can extract more oxygen - more mitochondria

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sympathetic is major driver during exercise from what location of the heart why does this help

SA and AV
- blood is able to pump double the amount to get O2 to muscles quickly

exercise elevates HR and what other two areas

MABP
respiratory rate

how does BP increase with exercise

central command acts directly on RVLM and this increases vaso constriction

what is vasodilation triggered by to permit flow

metabolic (endothelial products

what are the 3 main goals of respiratory system during exercise

- O2 partial pressure mantained and O2 supplied to muscles - eliminate metabolic and non metabolic CO2 - assist in buffering of metabolic acids during high intensity

what is a metabolic CO2 source

oxygen

what is a non-metabolic CO2 source

lactate

why does Ve increase

increased Vt and increase in respiratory rate

why does Vt increase

more muscels engages expiration becomes active process at exercise

how is Ve controlled

chemoreceptors and mechanorecptors - peripheral and central receptors

when do max aerobic capacity increase dramatically

muscle adaptation influence small changes in VO2 max

with exercise what are the muscle adaption

increase mitochondria and oxidative enzyme increase number capillaries increased myoglobin to 80%

after being trained, what makes levels of mitochondria decrease what does this mean

a rest period mitochondria number is very dynamic

put theres adaptationd of the lung with exercise training in order 1. more capillaries around alveoli 2. respiratory muscle get stronger 3. O2 moves into alveoli into RBC into tissue

3,2,1

what happens to VO2 after training

post training increase VO2 substantially

who will have a greater anaerobic threshold trained or untrained

trained

what effect does anabolic androgenic steroids have

increase muscle hypertrophy hair growth kidney stimulated erythopintin etc

what effect does cobalt supplementation have

stabilises hypoxia mimics hypoxia - body increase RBCs and haemoglobin potential carcinogenic effects

what effect does EPOC have

increase RBCS therefore increase O2 carrying capacity

what effect does caffeine have

increase fat metabolism endurance

what effect does nitrate/beetroot have

increase nitrate concentration - increase vasodilation, increase blood flow to muscle and increase flow of oxidative phosperative

what effect does creatine have

increase skeletal, increase performance in high intensity

what effect does blood doping have

increase blood RBCs = monitor haematological values

what effect does altitude have

increase O2 - produces more EPOC and mitochondria

what does running decrease the risk of greater - mortality or CVD

CVD

what does hypertrophy LV do

- increase size - increase SV and CO - increase contractility - more forceful

t/f does the LV hypertrophy increase VO2 max

true

what does the cardiac remodelling consist of

stretching the atria

atrial fibrillation causes arrhytmogenic how does this work

recurrent hemodynamic stress and resultant atrial remodelling

what ventricle is ventricluar arrthymia

what occurs in RV arrthymia in exercise

pulmonary artery pressure and RV afterload increase disportionally RV wall stress increase acute injury