Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHSL232 > CVS.1 > Flashcards

CVS.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of the cardiac cycle - 4 phases

A
  1. isovolumic relaxation
  2. ventricular filling
  3. isovolumic contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in isovolumic relaxation and isovolumic contraction are valves open or closed

A

closed - there is no change in volume or blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in isovolumic relaxation at the beginning is atrial pressure higher or lower than ventricles

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what allows AV to open passively to allow filling

A

atrial pressure becomes higher than ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what comes 1st p wave or t wave
and what does each on represent

A

= p-wave comes first
p wave - represent ventricular filling
t wave - represent ventricular ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

at what stage of the cardiac cycle are the AV (atrioventricular valves ) open

A

ventricle filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

at what stage of the cardiac cycle are the semi lunar valves open

A

ventricular ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t/f does the majority of ventricular filling happen before the atria contract at rest

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the longest section of the cardiac cycle, and how long

A

diastole 2 - ventricular filling
0.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the shorted section of the cardiac cycle, and how long

A

D1 - isovolumetric relaxation
S2- isovolumetric contraction

0.05sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens to the volume of blood after atrial contraction (diastole)

A

top up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when is the max ventricular volume

A

EDV
- end of diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when is the minimum of ventricle volume

A

ESV
- end of systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

at the beginning of cardiac cycle the ventricle pressure does what

A

drop to minimum at begging of distole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the ventricular pressure during isometric contraction

A

pressure rises dramatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

does the LV pressure have lower or hight diastole amount at rest - aortic pressure is at 80 (diastole) and 120mmHg (systole)

A

lower
diastole for LV pressure is 5mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EDV for LV volume is what amount is ml for normal at rest

A

130ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ESV for LV volume at rest is what

A

60ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

if EDV is 130ml and ESV is 60ml what is the stroke volume

A

70ml
- because subtracting EDV-ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

if EDV is 130ml and ESV is 60ml what is the ejection fraction

A

55-60%
70ml (stroke volume) / 130ml (EDV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the ejection fraction described as

A

the % of blood that was in the heart are the EDV pumped out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the dicrotic notch - what pressure is greater/ less

A

Left ventricular pressure is less that aortic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when is the 3rd heart sound heard

A

early diastole - passive ventricular filling
- heard in younger people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the 1st heart sound (lub)

A

low, long sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the 2nd heart sound (dub)
short and high pitch sound
26
having a higher HR when exercise shortens both diastole and systole what one more than the other
diastolic more than systole
27
at rest is diastole or systole is longer
diastole
28
in the AV what are the two sides that make up the valve
mitral (left) tricuspid (right)
29
in the SL what are the two sides that make up the valve
aortic valve (left) pulmonary artery (right)
30
resting membrane potential has what ions with high and low permeability
high K+ Low Na+ very low Ca+
31
Depolarisation (RMP) has what charge inside and what outside
positive outside negative inside
32
explain the term conduction with a depolarisation wave
when the action potential has a propagating wave and the change from permeability from high to low has quick movements
33
what is the sinoatrial node (SA) otherwise known as
pacemaker
34
what are cardiomyocytes
interwoven branch at either end, intercalated disks
35
at what rate does the SA node generate action potential
100 times per min
36
at what rate is action potential conducted through atrium, and ventricular myocardium - because they have synchronised depolarisation and contractions
0.5 ms
37
what is the slowest conduction of action potential at 0.05
AV node
38
what has the fastest contraction at 5ms
Bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres
39
what are the followers
the action potentials in the ventricular cells
39
what are the leaders
origins of actions potential of SA node
40
in ventricular cells, slow depolarisation occurs through funny NA+ channels BECAUSE the RMP of ventricular cells is stable around -90mv
1st part - false 2nd part - true therefore both don't cause the other
41
pacemaker is unstable what is it RMP
-60mV
42
is the ECG on surface or inside cell result from what of the heart muscle
on skin surface result of depolarisation
43
what occurs first depolarisation or repolarisation
depolarisation
44
what is shown on ECG
RMP atrial depolarisation ventricle depolarisation ventricular depolarisation
45
where are the electrode placed on body to form einthoven triangle
1. left arm 2. right arm 3. left left
46
what are the points of lead 2
right arm (negative) to left leg (positive)
47
depolarisation means what direaction to camera
towards 'down towards'
48
out of the hexial reference system what 2 are most different
aVR and lead 2
49
what hexial reference system is not positive lead
aVR
50
what plan are chest leads measured in
horizonal
51
including Hex-axial reference system and chest leads how many leads are there
12
52
what two activity is the excitation contraction coupling
electrical and mechanical
53
when a cell membrane depolarises what does this mean for Calcium
can entery cell
54
when Ca enters are the L-type Ca 2+ channels open or closed
open
55
when calcium ions enter what does this trigger release of
calcium ions from intra cellular store SR
56
after calcium enters through channels where does it go
Ryanodine receptor (RyR2)
57
for density of RyR2 to be high near LTCC what does this mean for the distance
short between the two (nm)
58
what does CICR mean
calcium ion induced calcium release
59
how much does the calcium concentration rises when calcium enters
10+ fold
60
what is the calcium concentration in extracellular
2mM
61
what is the calcium concentration in cytosol (intercellular)
0.1-1uM
62
what is the calcium concentration in SR
1mM
63
what % of calcium is LTCC and RyR2 -SR
LTCC: 25% RyR2 -SR: 75%
64
in cardiac muscle depolarisation causes
Ca ion induced Ca ion release
65
for contraction Ca ion binds to what in the troponin complex
troponin C
66
what is the inhibitory domain in troponin complex
troponin 1
67
what is the tropomyosin blinding domain
troponin T
68
in the sliding filament theory myosin pulls actin towards the centre of what
sarcomere
69
when the Z lines come closer together and the cell shorted what does this produce
force or tension
70
what makes contraction more forceful
increase in the number of cross bridges
71
what are the 3 mechanism that are involved in relaxation
SR Ca 2+ pump sodium calcium exchanger Ca2+ ATPase
72
what does PLB (protein phosphorylation) stimulate
Ca2+ uptake
73
what % is Oxygen extracted from the blood
75%
74
what occurs if don't have enough ATP and what is it
Rigor mortis permant contraction - when you cant remove Ca out of the cell
75
what is it called with combination of 2 electrodes
bipolar lead
76
what limb of the Eindhoven triangle is the standard ECG read off
Limb lead 2
77
why is the R wave so large in the ECG
because the deflection is going straight to down to the camera in the lead 2
78
what are the four f's of autonomic control
Fight, flight, feeding, fucking (mating)
79
sympathetic releases what hormone
Noradrenaline
80
parasymatheric releases what hormone
acetylcholine
81
parasympathetic binds to what receptor
muscarinic receptor
82
during sympathetic (your fight and flight response) your HR will increase what is increase in HR called
Tachycardiac
83
is there less or more membrane potential in sympathetic
less
84
does SA node depolarisation increase or decrease during sympathetic response
increase
85
what 'node' dominates the autonomic regulation of HR
SA node
86
what type of factors affect HR
Chronotropic
87
what does having more and faster Ca2+ release mean for contraction and relaxation
Stronger and faster contraction faster relaxation
88
what factors affect contractility
inotropic
89
what factors affect duration (frequency) of contraction and relaxation
lusitropic factors
90
in sympathetic stimulation (adrenaline) on contraction what decreases the sensitivity of Calcium
Tnc (troponin C)
91
decrease of the calcium sensitivity of the myofilaments is caused by what hormone
Noradrenaline
92
if noradrenaline decreases calcium sensitivity of myofilaments what happens to contraction and relaxation
faster and stronger
93
positive inotropic factors increases or decreases ________
increase contractility
94
what two short term hormones change calcium signalling
Catecholamines (e.g. noradrenaline) and glycosides (drugs)
95
what are the long term regulators of extrinsic control of hormones
- angiotensin 2 - endothelin - thyroid hormone
96
adrenaline (and noradrenaline) decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments because adrenaline leads to phosphorylation of RyR - are both statements true and causally related
both statements are true but not causally related
97
in acetylcholine on contraction RyR and L type Ca2+ channel decrease or increase
decrease
98
what is the effect of digitalis, a glycosis on Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments
unchanged - just makes more, but not effecting
99
what represents atrial repolarisation on the lead 2 ECG
- usually atrial repolarisation is not visiable however occurs at QRS complex
100

PHSL232 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions