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EMT > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens if homeostasis is disrupted and the body is unable to componsate

A

damage, disease, or death

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2
Q

what are diseases

A

disruptions of the physiological functions

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3
Q

what is trauma

A

physical disruption of physiologic function

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4
Q

What is respiratory compromise

A

the inability of the body to move gases effectively

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5
Q

what are the potential affects of respiratory compromise

A

hypoxia and hypercarbia

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6
Q

what is hypoxia

A

decreased level of oxygen in the body

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7
Q

what is hypercarbia

A

elevated levels of CO2 in the body

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8
Q

What two processes can be compromised in a state of respiratory compromise

A

ventilation and respiration

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9
Q

what can cause ventilation to be comprised in a state of respiratory compromise

A

blocked airway, impairment of muscles of breathing, airway is obstructed physiologically, drug overdose, trauma to chest wall, and allergic reaction

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10
Q

what can compromise respiration in a state of respiratory compromise

A

composition of ambient air, high altitudes, transport of gases(across alveoli, to tissues), and the ventilation/perfusion ration

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11
Q

what can affect airway patency

A

anything: solid objects, fluid and closure due to swelling, anything that prevents adequate breathing

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12
Q

What is required to expand the thorax during inspiration

A

energy

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13
Q

what might impair respiration

A

paralysis, fatigue, or damage to the chest wall

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14
Q

what separates the chest wall from the lungs

A

pleural space

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15
Q

what happens if air enters the pleural space

A

the lungs will collapse

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16
Q

what part of the body regulates ventilations

A

brain stem

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17
Q

why is CO2 able to be sensed by the body both directly and indirectly

A

it is an acid

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18
Q

what happens when there are elevated acids in the blood

A

hyperventilation

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19
Q

What might happen if there is trauma to the brain

A

damage of regulatory centers(if damaged can’t regulate ventilation)

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20
Q

what has the most profound effect on respiration

A

air composition

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21
Q

what happens to your oxygen level at higher altitudes

A

there is less air pressure and therefore oxygenation will decrease

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22
Q

what happens when toxic gases interact with hemoglobin

A

damage, they prevent hemoglobin from carrying O2 and instead act as antagonists

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23
Q

In what event is oxygen consumed and replaced with other gases

A

fires

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24
Q

How do gases travel across the alveolar wall

A

diffusion

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25
Q

How does diffusion take place

A

Gases move from high concentration to low concentration; CO2 highly concentrated in blood and therefore enters alveoli to be released into the atmosphere and O2 is highly concentrated in the alveoli and enters the blood to be transported back to the heart and then throughout the body

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26
Q

What happens if their is fluid in the alveolar wall

A

gas movement is impaired

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27
Q

Why do only the alveoli exchange gas

A

Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are too thick

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28
Q

What is the volume of the trachea, bronchioles, and bronchi referred to as

A

dead space

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29
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation

A

tidal volume - dead space = alveolar ventilation

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30
Q

What is the formula used to calculate minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x rate = minute ventilation

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31
Q

what does minute ventilation refer to

A

the quantity of air available for O2 and CO2 exchange

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32
Q

what happens when we have a low tidal volume and slow rate

A

reduced oxygenation

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33
Q

what two kinds of breaths are considered adequate

A

deep & slow n fast & normal

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34
Q

what kind of breathe is inadequate for oxygenation

A

fast & shallow

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35
Q

Why are fast & shallow breaths inadequate

A

dead space

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36
Q

Where is ventilation the greatest

A

Top of the lungs

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37
Q

Define ventilation

A

Movement of air into the lungs

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38
Q

Define perfusion

A

circulation of blood through the lungs

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39
Q

Where is perfusion the greatest

A

bottom of the lungs

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40
Q

What are the appreciations for Ventilation & Perfusion

A

V and Q

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41
Q

Under what circumstances will V=0

A

if there is an airway obstruction

42
Q

why does an airway obstruction prevent ventilation

A

no gas exchange will be able to occur in the alveoli with the blood

43
Q

Under what circumstance will Q=0

A

if there is a blockage of a blood vessel

44
Q

Why will a blood vessel blockage prevent adequate perfusion

A

No blood will circulate through the capillaries for gas exchange

45
Q

What is a key sign of inadequate breathing

A

Labored breathing or increased respiratory effort

46
Q

What are other signs or symptoms of inadequate breathing

A

Pale, cool, clammy skin, Nasal flaring or pursed lips, and Tripod position

47
Q

What are the effects of respiratory compromise on the body
Hint: there are 5

A
  1. Oxygen levels fall and CO2 levels rise
  2. Respiratory rate increases
  3. Blood becomes more acidic
  4. Brain sends commands to the body to breathe
  5. Cells move from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
48
Q

What is the perfusion triangle made up of

A

Pump, pipes, and volume

49
Q

What is the pump referring to in the perfusion triangle

A

Effectiveness of the heart

50
Q

What are the pipes referring to in the perfusion triangle

A

Vessel size and resistance

51
Q

What is volume referring to in the perfusion triangle

A

Blood volume and RBCs

52
Q

When respiratory effort increases what happens to the size of the thoracic cavity

A

The thoracic cavity increases

53
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart per beat

54
Q

What causes stroke volume to increase

A

Preload and contractility

55
Q

What is preload

A

The amount of the blood in the heart at the beginning of a contraction

56
Q

What is contractility

A

How hard the heart beats; based on how the heart contracts during a beat

57
Q

What causes stroke volume to decrease

A

Afterload

58
Q

What is afterload

A

Afterload is the resistance in the blood vessels against blood flow

59
Q

True/False: Afterload is estimated by blood pressure

A

True

60
Q

What happens to blood pressure if afterload is high

A

blood pressure is also high

61
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Amount of blood moved in one minute

62
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

63
Q

What happens to the heart beat when under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Stronger contractions, faster heart rate, shorter heartbeats

64
Q

What happens to the stroke volume when the heart rate is high
note: fast heart rate= shorter beats

A

stroke volume decreases

65
Q

what happens in the body when the heartbeat is under control of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

reduces contractility and slows heart rate

66
Q

what increases when the heart rate slows down

A

preload

67
Q

how does increased preload and reduced contractility affect stroke volume

A

stroke volume increases

68
Q

What happens to the cardiac output when the heart rate is too fast or too slow

A

cardiac output decreases: reason why balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system is crucial for our survival

69
Q

when stroke volume increases what happens to the afterload

A

afterload increases and so does resistance of blood flow

70
Q

What will affect the hearts ability to contract

A

damage caused by disease or trauma

71
Q

What rhythmic disturbances compromise cardiac output

A

heart rate too fast or too slow, irregular breathing, and fibrillation

72
Q

What controls blood vessel diameter

A

vessels

73
Q

What adjusts blood vessel diameter

A

hormones

74
Q

what happens when you reduce the diameter of blood vessels

A

resistance and pressure increases

75
Q

How does our body increase blood pressure

A

constricting the blood vessels to compensate for blood loss

76
Q

how does our body decrease blood pressure

A

inappropriate dilation of the blood vessels

77
Q

If one experiences trauma to the blood vessels, causing blood loss, what will happen to the blood pressure

A

blood pressure will decrease (& blood vessels will constrict)

78
Q

Maintenance of circulation is dependent on what

A

adequate blood volume

79
Q

What happens to the body when greater than 10% of the blood volume is lost

A

shock

80
Q

What percentage of blood loss must occur for it to be considered fatal

A

40%

81
Q

What will happen to the blood if there are too few RBCs

A

there will not be enough oxygen

82
Q

Is blood pressure a sign of adequate perfusion

A

Yes

83
Q

How do we calculate blood pressure

A

Cardiac output x resistance

84
Q

What is systolic blood pressure a measure of

A

the maximum pressure during cardiac contraction

85
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure a measure of

A

minimum pressure during cardiac relaxation

86
Q

What other measure is used to indicate perfusion

A

MAP; mean arterial pressure

87
Q

What is mean arterial pressure

A

average arterial pressure during systolic and diastolic

88
Q

How does one calculate MAP

A

(Heart Rate x Stroke Volume) x Systemic Vascular Resistance(SVR) OR Cardiac Output x SVR
reminder: CO= SV x HR

89
Q

What part of the nervous system controls circulation

A

Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)

90
Q

What value must MAP be greater than to prevent shock

A

65; but average is 70 to 100

91
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance

A

the resistance that must be overcome to pump blood into the rest of the body

92
Q

How does our body maintain blood volume

A

movement of fluid in and out of the capillaries

93
Q

What happens when hydrostatic pressure is greater than plasma oncotic pressure

A

fluid leaves the capillary

94
Q

what happens when hydrostatic pressure is less than plasma oncotic pressure

A

fluid enters the capillaries

95
Q

What receptors help us maintain blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

96
Q

How happens when pressure is sensed to be low

A

vessels constrict which increases resistance and heart rate

97
Q

what happens when pressure is sensed to be high

A

signals to dilate vessels are sent which reduces resistance and decreases heart rate

98
Q

When does shock occurs

A

organs and tissues don’t receive enough oxygen

99
Q

what happens when oxygen delivery is impaired

A

hypoxia

100
Q

What effects does shock have on the body

A

1.) oxygen to the tissues decreases
2.) cells engage in anaerobic metabolism
3.) metabolic acidosis ensues
4.) baroreceptors initiate release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
5.) heart rate increases
6.) interstitial fluid moves into capillaries

101
Q

what happens to cellular metabolism when there is inadequate oxygen

A

cells will create energy through anaerobic metabolism

102
Q

What happens when cells are forced to utilize anaerobic metabolism

A

1.) metabolic acidosis
2.) requires more energy
3.) decreased ability of blood to effectively carry oxygen to the cells
4.) decreased functioning of oxygen within the cells
5.) brain cells can’t use alternative fuels- can cause them to die due to lack of glucose
6.) cellular injury- this can only be fixed if tissue perfusion is restored, if not, no treatment will help

EMT (5 decks)

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