Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EMT > Medical Terminology > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NREMT® EMT flashcards
1
Q

Describe Standard Anatomical Position

A

Standing, Face Forward, Arms at the side, Palms facing forward, Thumbs out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is prone position

A

Face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is supine position

A

Face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Fowler’s position

A

Seated upright , legs may be bent(60 to 90 degree angle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is semi-Fowler’s position

A

Legs straight out, back at 45 degree angle
Hint: usually position used when patient is on stretcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Trendelenburg’s position

A

Legs of patient elevated to 45 degree angle, whole body tilted downward. Be sure to secure them above the shoulders to prevent them from sliding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is modified Trendelenburg’s position

A

Patient is kept supine(face up & level with the ground), bent at hips and legs are elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the lateral recumbent positions

A

Right lateral recumbent & left lateral recumbent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is known as the recovery position

A

Left lateral recumbent(aka patient placed on their left side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do right and left refer to

A

PATIENTS right & left
Hint: in terms of the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the planes of the body

A

Straight lines that divide the body into sections; Sagittal, Transverse, and Frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides the body along the midaxillary line into the anterior and position portions of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the body is being referred to when the word ‘anterior’ is used

A

The front surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What part of the body is designated when using the word ‘posterior’

A

The back part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the midaxillary line

A

Imaginary vertical line from the middle of the armpit to the ankle; divides body into anterior and posterior positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is another word for the frontal plane

A

Coronal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is another word used in place of anterior

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is another word used in place of posterior

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into a right and left section via the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the midline

A

Imaginary line through the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the word medial referring to

A

Toward the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the word lateral refer to

A

Away from the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the midclavicular line

A

Imaginary vertical lines through the mid-portion of each clavicle(collar bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

On the posterior portion of the body what is the word used instead of midclavicular

A

midscapular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

Divides the body horizontally(around the hips into a top and bottom portion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the word proximal refer to

A

Moving closer to the original point of attachment(in reference to the skeleton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the word distal refer to

A

Moving farther away from the original point of attachment(approaching the end of an extremity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the word superior referring to

A

Moving closer to the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the word inferior referring to

A

Moving closer to the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is superficial referring to

A

Moving closer to the surface of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is deep referring to in reference to the body

A

Moving further from the surface of the skin or deeper inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the term apices or apex referring to

A

The tip or topmost portion of a structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located

A

At the bottom portion(INFERIOR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the term bases referring to

A

Bottom portion of a structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the term bilateral referring to

A

Appearing on both sides of the midline(ex: eyes and lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the term unilateral refer to

A

Appearing on only one side of the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is carbonic acid

A

The acid of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does ‘adequate perfusion’ mean

A

There is adequate oxygenation(income of oxygen) and removal of carbon dioxide from the cells of the body along with adequate nutrient delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is referred to by the trunk of the body

A

The core of the body(abdomen and chest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the arteries of the body responsible for

A

Removing oxygenated blood from the heart and bringing it to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are veins responsible for

A

Bringing deoxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart to be oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the bodies largest artery

A

Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where do the superior & inferior vena cavae meet

A

The right atrium of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the axial skeleton comprised of

A

Skull, facial bones, spinal column, and rib cage
protects heart, lungs, and other important organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of

A

joints, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the cranium

A

4 bones that protect the brain(rigid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

Large opening at the base of the skull where brain connects to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How many vertebrae is the spinal column comprised of

A

33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many sections do the vertebrae divides into & what are they

A

5 sections; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many bones are in the cervical section of the spinal column

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How many bones are in the thoracic portion of the spinal column

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What else is the thoracic cavity comprised of

A

12 pairs of ribs, and the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar portion of the spine

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where in the lumbar potion of the spine does the spinal cord end

A

L1-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How many bones are in the sacrum

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Are the bones fused in the sacrum

A

Yes, they fuse between 16-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How many bones are in the coccyx

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Are the bones of the coccyx fused

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the spinal column

A

The central supporting structure of the body which also encases the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How many ribs do we have

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What ribs are considered floating ribs?

A

11 & 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where do the other 10 ribs attach to

A

The sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How many bones are in the sternum and what are they

A

3 bones: Manubrium(superior), Body(middle), and Xiphloid process(inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What other bones are near the ribs

A

Clavicle and Scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What portion of the body are the scapula(shoulder blades) located in

A

Posterior(back)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What three bones join together to form the shoulder girdle

A

Clavicle, Scapula, and Humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the supporting bone of the upper extremities

A

Humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What bones are in the forearm and where are they located

A

Radius & Ulna: Radius is on the lateral side when the body is in anatomical position and the Ulna is on the medial side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the bones of the wrist called and how many are there

A

Carpals and 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the bones of the hand called and how many are there

A

Metacarpals and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the bones of the finger called? How many are there in total? How many in each finger?

A

Phalanges. 14 in total. 3 in each finger, 2 in each thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What bones form the Pelvic girdle
Hint: 4

A

Sacrum, coccyx, two coxae(hip bones), and a closed bony ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What three bones fused for form the pelvic bones

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the pubic symphysis
Hint: what joins there

A

The location where right and left pubis are joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the longest bone in the body

A

Femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where does the femur join with the pelvis

A

Acetabulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the name of what is commonly known as the “hip joint”

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the patella referring to

A

Knee cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are the two bones of the leg and what is there anatomical position

A

Tibia and Fibula; the tibia is medial while the fibula is lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How many tarsal bones are there in the foot

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is the ankle bone called

A

Talus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the medical name for what we commonly call the heel

A

Calcaneus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

How many metatarsal bones are there and what do they do for the foot

A

5 bones & they form substance of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What are the bones of the toes called
Hint: same as fingers

A

Phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What attaches to the calcaneus

A

The Achilles tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How are joints formed

A

Bones connecting to other bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What do ligaments do for joints

A

Ligaments hold together the bone end of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What determines the strength of a joint

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Fewer ligaments indicate what

A

More movement but higher susceptibility to dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What body parts rely on hinge joints for movement

A

The finger & knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What joint part relies on the use of a ball & socket joint

A

Hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What kinds of motion are allowed by ball and socket joints

A

Front & back motion and lateral & medial motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the pivot joint

A

The pivot joint is special as it is what allows our head to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is another name of the pivot joint

A

atlas and axis joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Why is the pivot joint called the Altas and axis joint

A

The atlas, C1, holds our cranium and pivots on C2 which is known as the axis bone making it the pivot joint & very special at that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What are the special joint of the wrist
Hint: 3

A

Saddle, condyloid, and gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

The saddle and condyloid joint have the same function in terms of movement they allow, what are they?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What is the function of gliding joints

A

gliding movement like rotating and twisting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the components of our musculoskeletal anatomy

A

bones, muscles, and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What are the three kinds of connective tissue found in the musculoskeletal system

A

tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What are tendons

A

connection point between muscle and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What are ligaments

A

connection point between bones (bone to bone connection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What is cartilage

A

structural tissue (ex: nose and ears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What kind of muscle is voluntary (controlled by us)

A

Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What kind of muscle is involuntary(not controlled by us)

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What is the job of involuntary muscles

A

Carry out automatic functions of the body such as control the blood flow to organs and control bowel & bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Where are involuntary muscles found

A

Cardiac: Heart only
Smooth: GI tract(digestive system), urinary system, blood vessels, and bronchi(respiratory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What is the lumen

A

Space where nutrients travel to move into body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Do muscles line the lumen, if so what kind?

A

Yes, smooth muscle lines the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What happens to the lumen when muscles contract

A

The diameter narrows in response to muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

For how long does cardiac muscle function in the human body

A

Gestation to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

How is voluntary muscle attached to bones

A

Tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

How does the body move

A

The body moves by contraction and relaxation of voluntary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What happens when there is involuntary contraction of voluntary muscles

A

Shivering- generates heat to increase body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What controls voluntary muscle

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

How do electrical impulses travel from the brain to each muscle

A

Spinal cord & peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What arteries are responsible for blood supply

A

Coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What is flexion
Hint: muscle movement

A

reduction of angle between bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What is extension

A

increase of the angle between bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

what is adduction

A

motion toward the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

what is abduction

A

motion away from the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

what is supination

A

rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly(up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

what is pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly(down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

flexion of the entire foot superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

flexion of the entire foot inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

what is inversion

A

movement of the sole toward the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

what is eversion

A

movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

what divides the upper and lower airway

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

what is the common name for thyroid cartilage

A

adams apple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

what is located in the lower airway

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

what is the ending point of the trachea

A

carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

what bone located in the upper airway allows for speech

A

hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

What holds the lungs in place

A

trachea, arteries & veins, and pulmonary ligaments

134
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung

A

3

135
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung

A

2

136
Q

what organ causes for only two lobes in the left lung

A

heart

137
Q

how many major bronchi are located in the right lung

A

3

138
Q

how many major bronchi are located in the left lung

A

2

139
Q

what are the pulmonary arteries responsible for

A

carrying deoxygenated blood into the lung

140
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs

A

alveoli(capillaries)

141
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

142
Q

how many minutes can the brain and nervous system survive without oxygen

A

4 to 6 minutes

143
Q

what is the primary muscle of breathing

A

diaphragm

144
Q

what is the active part if the respiratory cycle

A

inhalation

145
Q

what happens to your diaphragm muscles during inhalation

A

they contract and your diaphragm flattens

146
Q

when your diaphragm flattens during inhalation how does that affect the size of your thoracic cavity and lung pressure

A

thoracic cavity increase and lung pressure decreases

147
Q

what is the passive part of the respiratory cycle

A

exhalation

148
Q

what happens to your diaphragm muscles during exhalation

A

the relax and your diaphragm returns to the original dome shape

149
Q

how does exhalation affect the size of your thoracic cavity and lung pressure

A

your lung pressure increases and size of the thoracic cavity decreases

150
Q

what is ventilation

A

the act of breathing

151
Q

what is respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues

152
Q

what biological process allows oxygen to be transported to the cells of the body and CO2 to be removed as waste

A

diffusion

153
Q

define diffusion

A

passive process where molecules move from high concentration to a low concentration

154
Q

air flows into the alveoli through what

A

the alveolar duct

155
Q

during the exchange of CO2 and O2; oxygen enters __ while CO2 enters __

A

oxygen enters the blood while CO2 enters the alveoli

156
Q

what controls breathing

A

brainstem

157
Q

what specifically in the brainstem controls breathing

A

chemoreceptors

158
Q

when levels of CO2 are too high what happens to your respiratory rate

A

it increases

159
Q

when levels of CO2 are too low what happens to your respiratory rate

A

it decreases

160
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.4, slightly basic

161
Q

What is tidal volume and what in the normal level in an average adult

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath which is about 500mL on average

162
Q

what is residual volume

A

residual volume is the gas that remains in the lungs to keep them open

163
Q

what is inspiration reserve volume

A

the maximum amount of air that can be stored in the lungs after you take the deepest breath you can

164
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum amount of air you can forcibly breathe out

165
Q

what is the normal system used to control respiration

A

hypercarbic drive

166
Q

what levels are monitored by the hypercarbic drive

A

CO2 levels

167
Q

what is the backup system used to control respiration

A

hypoxic drive

168
Q

what levels do the hypoxic drive monitor

A

O2 levels

169
Q

What is dead space

A

the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and little to no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs

170
Q

what is minute volume

A

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one minute

171
Q

what is the formula to calculate minute volume

A

respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume(amt of air moved in and out of lungs in a single breath)

172
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

systematic and pulmonary

173
Q

what aids in systematic circulation

A

the aorta

174
Q

where does blood enter the heart to be transported to the aorta which allows for circulation throughout the body

A

left ventricle

175
Q

why are there one way values in the circulatory system

A

to prevent the flow of blood into the heart chambers

176
Q

when do heart sounds occur

A

when the valves close

177
Q

what sound is made when the ventricles contract

A

lub

178
Q

what sound is made then the ventricles relax

A

dup

179
Q

what controls the signals that allow the heart to beat

A

sinus node

180
Q

how is the electrical current coordinated in the heart

A

the simultaneous contraction of the atria and the ventricles(atria first then ventricles)

181
Q

where do electrical impulses begin

A

SA node

182
Q

Where is the SA node located in the heart

A

right atrium

183
Q

where do electrical impulses travel to after the SA node

A

atrioventricular(AV) node

184
Q

From the AV node, where does the electrical impulse of the heartbeat travel to

A

purkinje fibers

185
Q

From the purkinje fibers where does the electrical impulse of the heartbeat travel to

A

myocardium of the ventricles

186
Q

When can this system be disrupted(heartbeat)

A

heart is deprived of oxygen, injured or dies

187
Q

When reading an ECG what waves are you looking for

A

depolarization and repolarization

188
Q

what happens during depolarization(ECG)

A

electrical charge activates heart cells: atria first then ventricles

189
Q

what happens during repolarization seen on an ECG

A

heart returns to the resting state

190
Q

what is the normal resting heart rate

A

60 to 100 bpm

191
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood moved by one beat of the heart

192
Q

what is the cardiac output

A

amount of blood moved in one minute

193
Q

what is the formula for calculating cardiac output(CO)

A

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

194
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to all body tissues

195
Q

what is vasodilation

A

dilation of the arteries

196
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

contraction of the arteries

197
Q

what is it called when pressure can be felt traveling through the arteries

A

a pulse

198
Q

what connects the arteries to the capillaries

A

arterioles

199
Q

what connects arterioles to venules

A

capillaries

200
Q

what is the function of the capillaries

A

nutrient and waste exchange between tissue cells and blood

201
Q

what must occur in the capillaries for fluid to leave

A

hydrostatic pressure must exceed plasma oncotic pressure

202
Q

what must occur in the capillaries for fluid to enter

A

hydrostatic pressure must be less than plasma oncotic pressure

203
Q

what connects the capillaries to the veins

A

venules

204
Q

what happens to vein size as they approach the heart

A

increase in size

205
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart

206
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

under the rib-cage in the left upper part of the abdomen

207
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filters worn out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria from the blood

208
Q

is the spleen susceptible to injury from blunt trauma

A

yes it is high vascular(composed of a lot of blood vessels)

209
Q

what bodily system is the spleen said to be the center of

A

lymphatic system(immune system)

210
Q

What is the blood composed of

A

Plasma, cells, nutrients, cellular waste, and hormones

211
Q

What is blood plasma composed of

A

Water, electrolytes, and hormones

212
Q

What are blood cells composed of

A

RBC(erythrocytes), WBC(leukocytes), and platelets(aid in blood clotting)

213
Q

What component of the blood carries oxygen to organs

A

RBCs

214
Q

What are RBCs filled with

A

Hemoglobin(which binds to oxygen)

215
Q

What are the purpose of WBCs

A

Fight infection and remove toxins

216
Q

What is blood plasma

A

Fluid that Carrie’s blood cells and nutrients

217
Q

What controls your pulse

A

The pressure felt as the heart pumps blood into the arteries

218
Q

What controls your blood pressure

A

Amount of force exerted against the wall of the arteries

219
Q

What controls your systolic blood pressure

A

ventricle contraction

220
Q

what controls your diastolic blood pressure

A

ventricle contraction

221
Q

At what pressure and volume does blood flow normally

A

Low pressure and high volume

222
Q

At what pressure and volume is blood pressure elevated, therefore restricting blood flow

A

High pressure and low volume

223
Q

What is it called when the body acts to constrict the blood vessels in order to increase blood pressure

A

Systemic vascular resistance(SVR)

224
Q

What is resistance in terms of blood flow

A

Reduction of the diameter of the arteries and veins

225
Q

How is pressure determined in blood flow

A

Pressure is determined based on the flow of blood against resistance

226
Q

What part of the heart most affects your pulse

A

Left ventricle contraction

227
Q

Where are pulses stronger

A

Closer to the heart

228
Q

What kind of pulses are the most common

A

Carotid, Femoral, Brachial, Radial, Posterior Tibial, and Dorsalis Pedis

229
Q

What hormone is released by the sympathetic portion of the nervous system

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

230
Q

What receptors are to be activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

231
Q

What is the main function of the parasympathetic control of the nervous system nd what hormone does it release

A

reduce heart rate and blood pressure, reverse effects of the adrenergic receptors
hormone release: acetylcholine

232
Q

What kind of receptors sense pressure in blood vessels

A

baroreceptors

233
Q

what receptors are found in blood vessels

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors

234
Q

what receptors are found in the heart and lungs

A

beta-adrenergic receptors

235
Q

What do baroreceptors do to normalize blood pressure

A

Send signals to increase blood pressure: blood vessels constrict and heart rate increase to normalize pressure

236
Q

When you stand up quickly your blood is traveling with or against gravity

A

against gravity(upward)

237
Q

what are the two main portions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

238
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

239
Q

what is the PNS composed of

A

nerves outside brain and spinal cord

240
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

241
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

controls sensation, thought, conscious movement, and associative memory

242
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for

A

coordinates muscle activity and balance

243
Q

what is the brainstem responsible for

A

maintains basic vital life functions

244
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid responsible for

A

cushioning for the brain and transportation of nutrients

245
Q

what major artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain

A

carotid arteries

246
Q

what vein drains deoxygenated blood from the body

A

internal and external jugular veins

247
Q

What connects the brain to the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

248
Q

What acts as the first connection to the peripheral nervous system

A

spinal nerves

249
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

between 1st and 3rd lumbar vertebrae

250
Q

What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial, somatic sensory, somatic motor, and autonomic nerves

251
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for

A

Involuntary control of essential body functions like h.r. and b.p.

252
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

253
Q

what is the common response used to describe the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

254
Q

what is the common phrase used to describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

255
Q

What controls the nervous system

A

neurotransmitters, hormones, and receptors

256
Q

what is the purpose of the skin

A

protect the body from the external environment, regulate body temperature, and transmission of information from the environment to the brain

257
Q

what is the fascia

A

supporting matrix for tissues

258
Q

what is the top layer of the skin called

A

epidermis

259
Q

what is the bottom layer of the skin called

A

dermis

260
Q

what is the waterproof layer of the epidermis called

A

stratum corneum

261
Q

under the stratum corneum, what is the next layer called

A

germinal layer

262
Q

what is the function of the germinal layer

A

grow new cells, pick up pigment, and form a tough protective layer as cells mature

263
Q

what is located in the dermis

A

blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, and hair follicles/sebaceous(oil) glands

264
Q

now, there’s another layer of the skin below the dermis, what is it called

A

subcutaneous tissue

265
Q

what is located in the subcutaneous tissue

A

adipose tissue: elastin and collagen fibers, macrophages, and blood vessels

266
Q

what is the largest organ of the body

A

the skin

267
Q

What is our second major body cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

268
Q

How many quadrants are in the abdominal cavity and what are they

A

4; right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

269
Q

Where is the liver located in the abdominal cavity

A

Right upper quadrant

270
Q

Where is the gallbladder located in the abdominal cavity

A

Right upper quadrant

271
Q

Where is the right kidney located in the abdominal cavity

A

Right upper quadrant

272
Q

What organ is located in both upper quadrants of the abdominal cavity

A

Pancreas

273
Q

Where is the stomach located in the abdominal cavity

A

Left upper quadrant

274
Q

Where is the spleen located in the abdominal cavity

A

Left upper quadrant

275
Q

Where is the left kidney located in the abdominal cavity

A

Left upper quadrant

276
Q

Where is the appendix located in the abdominal cavity

A

Right lower quadrant

277
Q

Where is the bladder located in the abdominal cavity

A

Right lower quadrant

278
Q

What reproductive organ is located in both lower quadrants of the abdominal cavity

A

Ovaries

279
Q

What organ is located in all 4 quadrants of the abdominal cavity

A

Colon

280
Q

How can we categorize digestive organs

A

Solid versus Hollow

281
Q

What is the digestive system pathway

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

282
Q

What does the epiglottis do

A

Covers the trachea to prevent food inhalation

283
Q

Is the stomach a hollow or solid organ

A

Hollow

284
Q

What is the role of the stomach in digestion

A

Secretes acid to help break down food

285
Q

what are the two portions of the pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine

286
Q

Is the pancreas a solid or hollow organ

A

solid

287
Q

what is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

secreting pancreatic juice containing enzymes which aid in digestion

288
Q

what is the function of the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon

289
Q

is the liver a solid or hollow organ

A

solid

290
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

storage of sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy, filtering harmful substances, and forming factors needed for blood clotting and normal plasma production

291
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

storage of bile between meals

292
Q

what connects the liver to the intestine

A

bile ducts

293
Q

what are the purpose of bile ducts

A

carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder where the bile is store to the duodenum

294
Q

what are the components of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

295
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

absorbs nutrient and water

296
Q

is the small intestine a solid or hollow organ

A

hollow

297
Q

what components make up the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum

298
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

absorb water and condense waste into feces

299
Q

what is the appendix

A

a 3-4 inch tube that opens into the cecum in the RLQ of the abdomen

300
Q

What is the function of the rectum

A

storage site for feces

301
Q

What is the overall function of the digestive (GI) system

A

addition of enzymes to food and conversion of food into basic sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids

302
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system

A

support the circulatory and immune systems

303
Q

what is the purpose of lymph in the body

A

carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away from cells as well as removing other toxins and harmful materials from the body

304
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

helps get rid of body toxins and other harmful materials: aids in lymphatic circulation

305
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system

A

Send complex messages and control systems, integrates many bodily functions, and releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

306
Q

What connects the brain to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

307
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A

Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian cycles

308
Q

What gland does the hypothalamus control in terms of hormone release

A

Pituitary

309
Q

What is the master gland of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary

310
Q

What is another name for the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

311
Q

What are the three lines of defense of the immune system

A

Anatomic barriers, inflammatory response, and immune response

312
Q

What are anatomic barriers and what function do they have

A

Skin & mucosae which are physical barriers that provide protection

313
Q

What is another name for the inflammatory response

A

innate immune system

314
Q

What is another name for the immune response

A

Adaptive immune system

315
Q

What is the function of the immune system

A

Protect against invaders and recognize antigens to generate antibodies against them

316
Q

What are the innate leukocytes of the human body

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and more

317
Q

What acts as a protectorate to the human body during the adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

318
Q

What are T lymphocytes and where are the produced

A

produced in the thymus before puberty to attack invaders directly, and assist B lymphocytes

319
Q

What are B lymphocytes and where are they produced

A

B lymphocytes produce antibodies and they are produced in the bone marrow

320
Q

After what period of the immune response are antibodies and effector T cells produced

A

the first exposure

321
Q

is active immunity long term or short term and how do you know

A

long term because memory cells are formed by the individual causing a lesser infection the second time an exposure occurs(antibodies are formed)

322
Q

is passive immunity long term or short term and how do you know

A

short term because the antibodies are provided to the individual

323
Q

what is the center of the immune system

A

the spleen

324
Q

what function does the spleen serve for the immune system

A

concentrated with lymphocytes which are part of our bodies adaptive immune response

325
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

removes wastes from the blood, controls fluid balance in body and controls pH balance

326
Q

What drains waste from the kidney to the bladder

A

a ureter

327
Q

what is the function of the kidney in the urinary system

A

remove toxic waste products from the blood and control the balance of water and salt

328
Q

what does the bladder empty into

A

the urethra

329
Q

what kind of muscle lines the bladder

A

smooth muscle

330
Q

how many L of urine a day does a health adult form

A

1.5 to 2

331
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system

A

regulate development and maturation as well as allowing for the continuation of the species

EMT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions