Medical Terminology Flashcards
Describe Standard Anatomical Position
Standing, Face Forward, Arms at the side, Palms facing forward, Thumbs out
What is prone position
Face down
What is supine position
Face up
What is Fowler’s position
Seated upright , legs may be bent(60 to 90 degree angle)
What is semi-Fowler’s position
Legs straight out, back at 45 degree angle
Hint: usually position used when patient is on stretcher
What is Trendelenburg’s position
Legs of patient elevated to 45 degree angle, whole body tilted downward. Be sure to secure them above the shoulders to prevent them from sliding.
What is modified Trendelenburg’s position
Patient is kept supine(face up & level with the ground), bent at hips and legs are elevated
What are the lateral recumbent positions
Right lateral recumbent & left lateral recumbent
What is known as the recovery position
Left lateral recumbent(aka patient placed on their left side)
What do right and left refer to
PATIENTS right & left
Hint: in terms of the patient
What are the planes of the body
Straight lines that divide the body into sections; Sagittal, Transverse, and Frontal
What is the frontal plane
Divides the body along the midaxillary line into the anterior and position portions of the body
What part of the body is being referred to when the word ‘anterior’ is used
The front surface of the body
What part of the body is designated when using the word ‘posterior’
The back part of the body
What is the midaxillary line
Imaginary vertical line from the middle of the armpit to the ankle; divides body into anterior and posterior positions
What is another word for the frontal plane
Coronal plane
What is another word used in place of anterior
Ventral
What is another word used in place of posterior
Dorsal
What is the sagittal plane
Divides the body into a right and left section via the midline
What is the midline
Imaginary line through the middle of the body
What is the word medial referring to
Toward the midline of the body
What does the word lateral refer to
Away from the midline of the body
What is the midclavicular line
Imaginary vertical lines through the mid-portion of each clavicle(collar bone)
On the posterior portion of the body what is the word used instead of midclavicular
midscapular
What is the transverse plane
Divides the body horizontally(around the hips into a top and bottom portion)
What does the word proximal refer to
Moving closer to the original point of attachment(in reference to the skeleton)
What does the word distal refer to
Moving farther away from the original point of attachment(approaching the end of an extremity)
What is the word superior referring to
Moving closer to the head
What is the word inferior referring to
Moving closer to the feet
What is superficial referring to
Moving closer to the surface of the skin
What is deep referring to in reference to the body
Moving further from the surface of the skin or deeper inside the body
What is the term apices or apex referring to
The tip or topmost portion of a structure
Where is the apex of the heart located
At the bottom portion(INFERIOR)
What is the term bases referring to
Bottom portion of a structure
What is the term bilateral referring to
Appearing on both sides of the midline(ex: eyes and lungs)
What does the term unilateral refer to
Appearing on only one side of the midline
What is carbonic acid
The acid of carbon dioxide
What does ‘adequate perfusion’ mean
There is adequate oxygenation(income of oxygen) and removal of carbon dioxide from the cells of the body along with adequate nutrient delivery
What is referred to by the trunk of the body
The core of the body(abdomen and chest)
What are the arteries of the body responsible for
Removing oxygenated blood from the heart and bringing it to the rest of the body
What are veins responsible for
Bringing deoxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart to be oxygenated
What is the bodies largest artery
Aorta
Where do the superior & inferior vena cavae meet
The right atrium of the heart
what is the axial skeleton comprised of
Skull, facial bones, spinal column, and rib cage
protects heart, lungs, and other important organs
What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of
joints, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities
What is the cranium
4 bones that protect the brain(rigid)
What is the foramen magnum
Large opening at the base of the skull where brain connects to the spinal cord
How many vertebrae is the spinal column comprised of
33
How many sections do the vertebrae divides into & what are they
5 sections; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx
How many bones are in the cervical section of the spinal column
7
How many bones are in the thoracic portion of the spinal column
12
What else is the thoracic cavity comprised of
12 pairs of ribs, and the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other great vessels
How many bones are in the lumbar portion of the spine
5
Where in the lumbar potion of the spine does the spinal cord end
L1-2
How many bones are in the sacrum
5
Are the bones fused in the sacrum
Yes, they fuse between 16-18
How many bones are in the coccyx
4
Are the bones of the coccyx fused
Yes
What is the spinal column
The central supporting structure of the body which also encases the spinal cord
How many ribs do we have
12
What ribs are considered floating ribs?
11 & 12
Where do the other 10 ribs attach to
The sternum
How many bones are in the sternum and what are they
3 bones: Manubrium(superior), Body(middle), and Xiphloid process(inferior)
What other bones are near the ribs
Clavicle and Scapula
What portion of the body are the scapula(shoulder blades) located in
Posterior(back)
What three bones join together to form the shoulder girdle
Clavicle, Scapula, and Humerus
What is the supporting bone of the upper extremities
Humerus
What bones are in the forearm and where are they located
Radius & Ulna: Radius is on the lateral side when the body is in anatomical position and the Ulna is on the medial side
What are the bones of the wrist called and how many are there
Carpals and 8
What are the bones of the hand called and how many are there
Metacarpals and 5
What are the bones of the finger called? How many are there in total? How many in each finger?
Phalanges. 14 in total. 3 in each finger, 2 in each thumb
What bones form the Pelvic girdle
Hint: 4
Sacrum, coccyx, two coxae(hip bones), and a closed bony ring
What three bones fused for form the pelvic bones
ilium, ischium, pubis
What is the pubic symphysis
Hint: what joins there
The location where right and left pubis are joined
What is the longest bone in the body
Femur
Where does the femur join with the pelvis
Acetabulum
What is the name of what is commonly known as the “hip joint”
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the patella referring to
Knee cap
What are the two bones of the leg and what is there anatomical position
Tibia and Fibula; the tibia is medial while the fibula is lateral
How many tarsal bones are there in the foot
7
What is the ankle bone called
Talus
What is the medical name for what we commonly call the heel
Calcaneus
How many metatarsal bones are there and what do they do for the foot
5 bones & they form substance of the foot
What are the bones of the toes called
Hint: same as fingers
Phalanges
What attaches to the calcaneus
The Achilles tendon
How are joints formed
Bones connecting to other bones
What do ligaments do for joints
Ligaments hold together the bone end of joints
What determines the strength of a joint
Movement
Fewer ligaments indicate what
More movement but higher susceptibility to dislocation
What body parts rely on hinge joints for movement
The finger & knee
What joint part relies on the use of a ball & socket joint
Hip joint
What kinds of motion are allowed by ball and socket joints
Front & back motion and lateral & medial motion
What is the pivot joint
The pivot joint is special as it is what allows our head to move
What is another name of the pivot joint
atlas and axis joint
Why is the pivot joint called the Altas and axis joint
The atlas, C1, holds our cranium and pivots on C2 which is known as the axis bone making it the pivot joint & very special at that
What are the special joint of the wrist
Hint: 3
Saddle, condyloid, and gliding
The saddle and condyloid joint have the same function in terms of movement they allow, what are they?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
What is the function of gliding joints
gliding movement like rotating and twisting
What are the components of our musculoskeletal anatomy
bones, muscles, and connective tissue
What are the three kinds of connective tissue found in the musculoskeletal system
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
What are tendons
connection point between muscle and bone
What are ligaments
connection point between bones (bone to bone connection)
What is cartilage
structural tissue (ex: nose and ears)
What kind of muscle is voluntary (controlled by us)
Skeletal
What kind of muscle is involuntary(not controlled by us)
cardiac and smooth muscle
What is the job of involuntary muscles
Carry out automatic functions of the body such as control the blood flow to organs and control bowel & bladder
Where are involuntary muscles found
Cardiac: Heart only
Smooth: GI tract(digestive system), urinary system, blood vessels, and bronchi(respiratory system)
What is the lumen
Space where nutrients travel to move into body systems
Do muscles line the lumen, if so what kind?
Yes, smooth muscle lines the lumen
What happens to the lumen when muscles contract
The diameter narrows in response to muscle contraction
For how long does cardiac muscle function in the human body
Gestation to death
How is voluntary muscle attached to bones
Tendons
How does the body move
The body moves by contraction and relaxation of voluntary muscle
What happens when there is involuntary contraction of voluntary muscles
Shivering- generates heat to increase body temperature
What controls voluntary muscle
Nervous system
How do electrical impulses travel from the brain to each muscle
Spinal cord & peripheral nerves
What arteries are responsible for blood supply
Coronary arteries
What is flexion
Hint: muscle movement
reduction of angle between bones
What is extension
increase of the angle between bones
what is adduction
motion toward the midline of the body
what is abduction
motion away from the midline of the body
what is supination
rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly(up)
what is pronation
rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly(down)
what is dorsiflexion
flexion of the entire foot superiorly
what is plantar flexion
flexion of the entire foot inferiorly
what is inversion
movement of the sole toward the midline
what is eversion
movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline
what divides the upper and lower airway
larynx
what is the common name for thyroid cartilage
adams apple
what is located in the lower airway
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and trachea
what is the ending point of the trachea
carina
what bone located in the upper airway allows for speech
hyoid bone
What holds the lungs in place
trachea, arteries & veins, and pulmonary ligaments
how many lobes are in the right lung
3
how many lobes are in the left lung
2
what organ causes for only two lobes in the left lung
heart
how many major bronchi are located in the right lung
3
how many major bronchi are located in the left lung
2
what are the pulmonary arteries responsible for
carrying deoxygenated blood into the lung
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs
alveoli(capillaries)
what is the role of the pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
how many minutes can the brain and nervous system survive without oxygen
4 to 6 minutes
what is the primary muscle of breathing
diaphragm
what is the active part if the respiratory cycle
inhalation
what happens to your diaphragm muscles during inhalation
they contract and your diaphragm flattens
when your diaphragm flattens during inhalation how does that affect the size of your thoracic cavity and lung pressure
thoracic cavity increase and lung pressure decreases
what is the passive part of the respiratory cycle
exhalation
what happens to your diaphragm muscles during exhalation
the relax and your diaphragm returns to the original dome shape
how does exhalation affect the size of your thoracic cavity and lung pressure
your lung pressure increases and size of the thoracic cavity decreases
what is ventilation
the act of breathing
what is respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues
what biological process allows oxygen to be transported to the cells of the body and CO2 to be removed as waste
diffusion
define diffusion
passive process where molecules move from high concentration to a low concentration
air flows into the alveoli through what
the alveolar duct
during the exchange of CO2 and O2; oxygen enters __ while CO2 enters __
oxygen enters the blood while CO2 enters the alveoli
what controls breathing
brainstem
what specifically in the brainstem controls breathing
chemoreceptors
when levels of CO2 are too high what happens to your respiratory rate
it increases
when levels of CO2 are too low what happens to your respiratory rate
it decreases
what is the pH of blood
7.4, slightly basic
What is tidal volume and what in the normal level in an average adult
Tidal volume is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath which is about 500mL on average
what is residual volume
residual volume is the gas that remains in the lungs to keep them open
what is inspiration reserve volume
the maximum amount of air that can be stored in the lungs after you take the deepest breath you can
what is expiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of air you can forcibly breathe out
what is the normal system used to control respiration
hypercarbic drive
what levels are monitored by the hypercarbic drive
CO2 levels
what is the backup system used to control respiration
hypoxic drive
what levels do the hypoxic drive monitor
O2 levels
What is dead space
the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and little to no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs
what is minute volume
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one minute
what is the formula to calculate minute volume
respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume(amt of air moved in and out of lungs in a single breath)
what are the two types of circulation
systematic and pulmonary
what aids in systematic circulation
the aorta
where does blood enter the heart to be transported to the aorta which allows for circulation throughout the body
left ventricle
why are there one way values in the circulatory system
to prevent the flow of blood into the heart chambers
when do heart sounds occur
when the valves close
what sound is made when the ventricles contract
lub
what sound is made then the ventricles relax
dup
what controls the signals that allow the heart to beat
sinus node
how is the electrical current coordinated in the heart
the simultaneous contraction of the atria and the ventricles(atria first then ventricles)
where do electrical impulses begin
SA node
Where is the SA node located in the heart
right atrium
where do electrical impulses travel to after the SA node
atrioventricular(AV) node
From the AV node, where does the electrical impulse of the heartbeat travel to
purkinje fibers
From the purkinje fibers where does the electrical impulse of the heartbeat travel to
myocardium of the ventricles
When can this system be disrupted(heartbeat)
heart is deprived of oxygen, injured or dies
When reading an ECG what waves are you looking for
depolarization and repolarization
what happens during depolarization(ECG)
electrical charge activates heart cells: atria first then ventricles
what happens during repolarization seen on an ECG
heart returns to the resting state
what is the normal resting heart rate
60 to 100 bpm
what is stroke volume
amount of blood moved by one beat of the heart
what is the cardiac output
amount of blood moved in one minute
what is the formula for calculating cardiac output(CO)
heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
what is the function of the arteries
carry blood from the heart to all body tissues
what is vasodilation
dilation of the arteries
what is vasoconstriction
contraction of the arteries
what is it called when pressure can be felt traveling through the arteries
a pulse
what connects the arteries to the capillaries
arterioles
what connects arterioles to venules
capillaries
what is the function of the capillaries
nutrient and waste exchange between tissue cells and blood
what must occur in the capillaries for fluid to leave
hydrostatic pressure must exceed plasma oncotic pressure
what must occur in the capillaries for fluid to enter
hydrostatic pressure must be less than plasma oncotic pressure
what connects the capillaries to the veins
venules
what happens to vein size as they approach the heart
increase in size
what do veins do
carry blood back to the heart
Where is the spleen located
under the rib-cage in the left upper part of the abdomen
what is the function of the spleen
filters worn out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria from the blood
is the spleen susceptible to injury from blunt trauma
yes it is high vascular(composed of a lot of blood vessels)
what bodily system is the spleen said to be the center of
lymphatic system(immune system)
What is the blood composed of
Plasma, cells, nutrients, cellular waste, and hormones
What is blood plasma composed of
Water, electrolytes, and hormones
What are blood cells composed of
RBC(erythrocytes), WBC(leukocytes), and platelets(aid in blood clotting)
What component of the blood carries oxygen to organs
RBCs
What are RBCs filled with
Hemoglobin(which binds to oxygen)
What are the purpose of WBCs
Fight infection and remove toxins
What is blood plasma
Fluid that Carrie’s blood cells and nutrients
What controls your pulse
The pressure felt as the heart pumps blood into the arteries
What controls your blood pressure
Amount of force exerted against the wall of the arteries
What controls your systolic blood pressure
ventricle contraction
what controls your diastolic blood pressure
ventricle contraction
At what pressure and volume does blood flow normally
Low pressure and high volume
At what pressure and volume is blood pressure elevated, therefore restricting blood flow
High pressure and low volume
What is it called when the body acts to constrict the blood vessels in order to increase blood pressure
Systemic vascular resistance(SVR)
What is resistance in terms of blood flow
Reduction of the diameter of the arteries and veins
How is pressure determined in blood flow
Pressure is determined based on the flow of blood against resistance
What part of the heart most affects your pulse
Left ventricle contraction
Where are pulses stronger
Closer to the heart
What kind of pulses are the most common
Carotid, Femoral, Brachial, Radial, Posterior Tibial, and Dorsalis Pedis
What hormone is released by the sympathetic portion of the nervous system
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What receptors are to be activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenergic receptors
What is the main function of the parasympathetic control of the nervous system nd what hormone does it release
reduce heart rate and blood pressure, reverse effects of the adrenergic receptors
hormone release: acetylcholine
What kind of receptors sense pressure in blood vessels
baroreceptors
what receptors are found in blood vessels
alpha-adrenergic receptors
what receptors are found in the heart and lungs
beta-adrenergic receptors
What do baroreceptors do to normalize blood pressure
Send signals to increase blood pressure: blood vessels constrict and heart rate increase to normalize pressure
When you stand up quickly your blood is traveling with or against gravity
against gravity(upward)
what are the two main portions of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
what is the CNS composed of
brain and spinal cord
what is the PNS composed of
nerves outside brain and spinal cord
What are the main subdivisions of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
what is the cerebrum responsible for
controls sensation, thought, conscious movement, and associative memory
what is the cerebellum responsible for
coordinates muscle activity and balance
what is the brainstem responsible for
maintains basic vital life functions
what is cerebrospinal fluid responsible for
cushioning for the brain and transportation of nutrients
what major artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
carotid arteries
what vein drains deoxygenated blood from the body
internal and external jugular veins
What connects the brain to the rest of the body
spinal cord
What acts as the first connection to the peripheral nervous system
spinal nerves
where does the spinal cord end
between 1st and 3rd lumbar vertebrae
What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system
Cranial, somatic sensory, somatic motor, and autonomic nerves
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for
Involuntary control of essential body functions like h.r. and b.p.
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
what is the common response used to describe the sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
what is the common phrase used to describe the parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
What controls the nervous system
neurotransmitters, hormones, and receptors
what is the purpose of the skin
protect the body from the external environment, regulate body temperature, and transmission of information from the environment to the brain
what is the fascia
supporting matrix for tissues
what is the top layer of the skin called
epidermis
what is the bottom layer of the skin called
dermis
what is the waterproof layer of the epidermis called
stratum corneum
under the stratum corneum, what is the next layer called
germinal layer
what is the function of the germinal layer
grow new cells, pick up pigment, and form a tough protective layer as cells mature
what is located in the dermis
blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, and hair follicles/sebaceous(oil) glands
now, there’s another layer of the skin below the dermis, what is it called
subcutaneous tissue
what is located in the subcutaneous tissue
adipose tissue: elastin and collagen fibers, macrophages, and blood vessels
what is the largest organ of the body
the skin
What is our second major body cavity
Abdominal cavity
How many quadrants are in the abdominal cavity and what are they
4; right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
Where is the liver located in the abdominal cavity
Right upper quadrant
Where is the gallbladder located in the abdominal cavity
Right upper quadrant
Where is the right kidney located in the abdominal cavity
Right upper quadrant
What organ is located in both upper quadrants of the abdominal cavity
Pancreas
Where is the stomach located in the abdominal cavity
Left upper quadrant
Where is the spleen located in the abdominal cavity
Left upper quadrant
Where is the left kidney located in the abdominal cavity
Left upper quadrant
Where is the appendix located in the abdominal cavity
Right lower quadrant
Where is the bladder located in the abdominal cavity
Right lower quadrant
What reproductive organ is located in both lower quadrants of the abdominal cavity
Ovaries
What organ is located in all 4 quadrants of the abdominal cavity
Colon
How can we categorize digestive organs
Solid versus Hollow
What is the digestive system pathway
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
What does the epiglottis do
Covers the trachea to prevent food inhalation
Is the stomach a hollow or solid organ
Hollow
What is the role of the stomach in digestion
Secretes acid to help break down food
what are the two portions of the pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
Is the pancreas a solid or hollow organ
solid
what is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas
secreting pancreatic juice containing enzymes which aid in digestion
what is the function of the endocrine portion of the pancreas
produces insulin and glucagon
is the liver a solid or hollow organ
solid
what is the function of the liver
storage of sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy, filtering harmful substances, and forming factors needed for blood clotting and normal plasma production
what is the function of the gallbladder
storage of bile between meals
what connects the liver to the intestine
bile ducts
what are the purpose of bile ducts
carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder where the bile is store to the duodenum
what are the components of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what is the function of the small intestine
absorbs nutrient and water
is the small intestine a solid or hollow organ
hollow
what components make up the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum
what is the function of the large intestine
absorb water and condense waste into feces
what is the appendix
a 3-4 inch tube that opens into the cecum in the RLQ of the abdomen
What is the function of the rectum
storage site for feces
What is the overall function of the digestive (GI) system
addition of enzymes to food and conversion of food into basic sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids
What is the role of the lymphatic system
support the circulatory and immune systems
what is the purpose of lymph in the body
carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away from cells as well as removing other toxins and harmful materials from the body
what is the function of the spleen
helps get rid of body toxins and other harmful materials: aids in lymphatic circulation
What is the function of the endocrine system
Send complex messages and control systems, integrates many bodily functions, and releases hormones directly into the bloodstream
What connects the brain to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
What is the role of the hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian cycles
What gland does the hypothalamus control in terms of hormone release
Pituitary
What is the master gland of the endocrine system
Pituitary
What is another name for the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
What are the three lines of defense of the immune system
Anatomic barriers, inflammatory response, and immune response
What are anatomic barriers and what function do they have
Skin & mucosae which are physical barriers that provide protection
What is another name for the inflammatory response
innate immune system
What is another name for the immune response
Adaptive immune system
What is the function of the immune system
Protect against invaders and recognize antigens to generate antibodies against them
What are the innate leukocytes of the human body
macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and more
What acts as a protectorate to the human body during the adaptive immune response
lymphocytes
What are T lymphocytes and where are the produced
produced in the thymus before puberty to attack invaders directly, and assist B lymphocytes
What are B lymphocytes and where are they produced
B lymphocytes produce antibodies and they are produced in the bone marrow
After what period of the immune response are antibodies and effector T cells produced
the first exposure
is active immunity long term or short term and how do you know
long term because memory cells are formed by the individual causing a lesser infection the second time an exposure occurs(antibodies are formed)
is passive immunity long term or short term and how do you know
short term because the antibodies are provided to the individual
what is the center of the immune system
the spleen
what function does the spleen serve for the immune system
concentrated with lymphocytes which are part of our bodies adaptive immune response
What is the function of the urinary system
removes wastes from the blood, controls fluid balance in body and controls pH balance
What drains waste from the kidney to the bladder
a ureter
what is the function of the kidney in the urinary system
remove toxic waste products from the blood and control the balance of water and salt
what does the bladder empty into
the urethra
what kind of muscle lines the bladder
smooth muscle
how many L of urine a day does a health adult form
1.5 to 2
What is the function of the reproductive system
regulate development and maturation as well as allowing for the continuation of the species
