Pathophysiology Flashcards
Prehypertension
Stage 1 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 160-179/100-109
Stage 3 >180/>110
Endocrine disease
Phaeochomocytoma (adrenal)
Cushings syndrome (renal)
Acromegaly and hypothyroidism (pituitary)
Renovascular hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Hypertension target organs
CVS
The kidney
Nervous system
The eyes
LV Hypertrophy
Increase in workload of LV: increase in afterload
Effect of on kidney
- Reduction in GFR
- Ischemic kidney disease (secondary)
Effect on nervous system
- Stroke
- Intracerebral
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Cerebral atrophy
- Dementia
Effect on eyes
- Retinopathy
- Retinal hemorrhage
- Impaired vision
- Vitreous hemorrhage
- Retinal detachment
- Neuropathy of nerves
- Extraocular muscle paralysis and dysfunction
Determinants of blood pressure
- Blood volume
- Overall compliance
- Cardiac output
- Vascular resistance
What tissue does cardiac output affect
Nodal
Sympathetic fibres
Noradrenaline
B1 receptors increasing permeability of nodal cell plasma membrane to Na+ & Ca2+
Parasympathetic fibres
Acetylcholine
M2 receptors increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing Na+ & Ca2+ permeability
Regulation of arterial blood pressure
Baroreceptor reflex
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Hormone control
(Long term)
Vasopressin ADH
Angiotensin 2
Aldostereone
ANP
Reduction in renal pressure
Intrarenal redistribution
Increased absorption of salt and water
