Pathophysiology

Question 1

Reversible Cell Injury

Answer 1

change occurs in homeostasis due to an injury. Once the injury ceases the cell/tissue reverses to the original state. i.e. CUT OR SCRAPE

Question 2

irreversible cell injury

Answer 2

cell/tissue cannot recover from injury. Energy production within the mitochondria has decreased below the essential minimum for cell function thus it cannot be restored to the normal level the cell was once at. Plasma membrane functions are lost.
A change in DNA structure or function. RADIATION

Question 3

Causes of cell injury

Answer 3

Ischemia (MOST COMMON) - deficit of oxygen in the cells due to respiratory problems or circulatory obstruction
Hypoxia- reduced level of oxygen
Anoxia- complete lack of oxygen

Physical Injury- due to thermal or mechanical pressure such as a crush injury

Chemical may damage cells by changing the cells or causing reaction to the chemicals (radiation)

Inflammatory and immune reactions

microbial Pathogens or microorganisms

genetic/ metabolic disturbances

Nutrition

Question 4

ischemia

Answer 4

most common cause of cell injury. deficit of oxygen in the cells, due to respiratory problems or circulatory obstruction

Question 5

hypoxia

Answer 5

cause of cell injury , reduced level of oxygen

Question 6

anoxia

Answer 6

cause of cell damage, complete lack of oxygen

Question 7

Types of cell adaptations

Answer 7

1. atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3. hyperplasia
4. metaplasia
5. dysplasia
6. neoplasia
7. anaplasia

Question 8

Atrophy

Answer 8

cell adaptation , decrease in size of cell/tissue/organ/body

• knee after a knee surgery may never get its muscle bulk back after not being used

Question 9

hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase of size tissue/organ by enlargement of cells such as enlarged gums caused by medication

Question 10

hyperplasia

Answer 10

increase in size of tissue/organ by increased number of cells such as sebaceous growth

Question 11

metaplasia

Answer 11

cell adaptation from one cell type to another

example: smoking changes the cells in the lungs- is reversible if a person only smokes a few times but generally smoking is considered as an irreversible injury

Question 12

dysplasia

Answer 12

disorderly arrangement of cells and nuclei atypical. This may be reversed if cause is removed. may progress to neoplasia (cancer) for example an abnormal papsmear- it does not always mean cancer but the cells are irregular and then it is carefully observed

Question 13

Neoplasia

Answer 13

new growth generally related to a tumor

Question 14

Necrosis

Answer 14

cells cease to live due to any cause previously discussed. some cells are replaced and some are not.