Pathophysiology Flashcards
How to read ECG
rate= R to R then divide by 300
Regular/irregular
P waves
The next step is to look at the P waves and answer the following questions:
- Are P waves present?
- If so, is each P wave followed by a QRS complex?
- Do the P waves look normal? – check duration, direction and shape
4. If the P waves are absent, is there any atrial activity? This may indicate Atrial fibrillation heart rate will be normal Sawtooth baseline → flutter waves Chaotic baseline → fibrillation waves Flat line → no atrial activity at all
PR interval
The PR interval should be between 120-200 ms (3-5 small squares).
Prolonged PR interval (>0.2 seconds)
A prolonged PR interval suggests the presence of atrioventricular delay (AV block).
First-degree heart block (AV block)
First-degree heart block involves a fixed prolonged PR interval
In a 45-year-old patient on ECG it was revealed: sinus rhythm, the number of auricular complexes exceeds number of ventricular complexes; progressing extension of the P-Q interval from complex to complex; fallout of some ventricular complexes; Р waves and QRST complexes are without changes. Name the type of heart rhythm disfunction.
- Complete atrioventricular block
- Atrioventricular blockade of the I degree
- Intraatrial block
- Synoauricular block
- Atrioventricular block of the II degree/
Prolonged PR interval more than 5 block all others can be normal
A child is pale, pastose, muscular tissue is bad developed, lymph nodes are enlarged. He often suffers from angina and pharyngitis, blood has signs of lymphocytosis. The child is also predisposed to autoallergic diseases. What type of diathesis can be presumed in this case?
- Exudative
- Lymphohypoplastic/
- Gouty
- Hemorrhagic
- Asthenic
Children will usually have pale skin, fatigue, apathetic This is due to an increase of size of lymph tissue which come enlarged
An infant has pylorospasm, weakness, hypodynamia, convulsions as a result of frequent vomiting. What kind of acid-base disbalance is it?
- Excretory acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Excretory alkalosis/
- Exogenous nongaseous acidosis
- Gaseous alkalosis
Alkalosis occurs when your body has too many bases. It can occur due to decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide, which is an acid. It can also occur due to increased blood levels of bicarbonate, which is a base. This condition may also be related to other underlying health issues such as low potassium, or hypokalemia.
A 12-year-old boy often suffers from virus and bacterial infections and eczematous skin lesions. Enlargement of T-lymphocytes and IgM with normal IgA and IgG was revealed on examination. What type of immune system pathology is presented in the patient?
- Composite immunedefficiency /
- Hypoplasia of thymus
- Turner’s syndrome
- Bruton’s hypogammaglobulinemia
- Hereditary immundeficiency of the complement system
A patient underwent a surgery for excision of a cyst on pancreas. After this he developed haemorrhagic syndrome with apparent disorder of blood coagulation. Development of this complication can be explained by:
- Activation of anticoagulation system
- Reduced number of thrombocytes
- Activation of fibrinolytic system/
- Activation of Christmas factor
- Insufficient fibrin production
Fibrinolysis which is the process of breaking down a clot and promoting healing did not occur
A 34 year old woman was diagnosed with hereditary microspherocytic hemolytic anemia (Minkowsky-Shauffard disease). What mechanism caused haemolysis of erythrocytes?
- Enzymopathy
- Membranopathy/
- Hemoglobinopathy
- Autoimmune disorder
- Bone marrow hypoploasia
There are three classification of anemia
Hemoglobinopathies= Thalassemia and Sickel cell are a group of disorders passed down through families (inherited) in which there is abnormal production or structure of the hemoglobin molecule.
Enzymopathies Hereditary red blood cell enzymopathies are genetic disorders affecting genes encoding red blood cell enzymes. They cause Pyruvate kinase enzyme to break down ATP leading to dehydation of RBC and abnormal shape
Membranopathy causes the red blood cell to have a round shape
There are several groups of molecular mechanisms playing important part in pathogenesis of insult to cells which contributes to the pathology development. What processes are stimulated by proteinic damage mechanisms?
- Lipid peroxidation
- Phospholipase activation
- Enzyme inhibition/
- Osmotic membrane distension
- Acidosis
Substitution of the glutamic acid on valine was revealed while examining initial molecular structure. For what inherited pathology is this typical?
- Minkowsky-Shauffard disease
- Thalassemia
- Sickle-cell anaemia/
- Favism
- Hemoglobinosis
Glutamic acid a protein which prevents re blood cells from sickling
Necrosis focus appeared in the area of hyperemia and skin edema in few hours after burn. What mechanism strengthens destructive events in the inflammation area?
- Emigration of lymphocytes
- Diapedesis of erythrocytes
- Proliferation of fibroblasts
- Secondary alteration/
- Primary alteration
Pyruvate concentration in the patient’s urine has increased 10 times from normal amount. What vitamin deficiency can be the reason of this change:
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B1/
- Vitamin C
Vitamin B1 helps convert carbohydrates into energy
A 12 y.o. boy who suffers from bronchial asthma has an acute attack of asthma: evident expiratory dyspnea, skin pallor. What type of alveolar ventilation disturbance is it?
- Central
- Restrictive
- Obstructive/
- Neuromuscular
- Throracodiaphragmatic
Obstructive Lung Disease? People with obstructive lung disease have shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. Because of damage to the lungs or narrowing of the airways inside the lungs, exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal.
People with restrictive lung disease cannot fully fill their lungs with air. Their lungs are restricted from fully expanding.Restrictive lung disease most often results from a condition causing stiffness in the lungs themselves. In other cases, stiffness of the chest wall, weak muscles, or damaged nerves may cause the restriction in lung expansion.
i.e. obesity, scoliosis, autoimmune disease
A 46-year-old patient suffering from the diffuse toxic goiter underwent resection of the thyroid gland. After the surgery the patient presents with appetite loss, dyspepsia, increased neuromuscular excitement. The body weight remained unchanged. Body temperature is normal. Which of the following has caused such a condition in this patient?
- Increased production of thyroxin
- Reduced production of parathormone/
- Increased production of calcitonin
- Reduced production of thyroxin
- Increased production of thyroliberin
Parathyroid- this controls the amount of calcium in the blood. The parathyroid is situated around the thyroid
Inflammation of a patient’s eye was accompanied by accumulation of turbid liquid with high protein at the bottom of anterior chamber that was called hypopyon. What process underlies the changes under observation?
- Secondary alteration
- Primary alteration
- Proliferation
- Disturbance of microcirculation/
Primary this occurs intrinsically
Secondary immunological changes occur as the result of environmental factors including diet, drug intake, physical activity etc. or are alternatively due to underlying diseases.
A patient suffering from pheochromocytoma complains of thirst, dry mouth, hunger. Blood test for sugar revealed hyperglycemia. What type of hyperglycemia is it?
- Hypercorticoid
- Adrenal/
- Alimentary
- Somatotropic
- Hypoinsulinemic
Pheochromocytoma is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that grows from cells called chromaffin cells. These cells produce hormones needed for the body and are found in the adrenal glands.
Chromaffin cells are the bodies’ main source of circulating catecholamines
