Pathomorphology Flashcards
A 38 year old patient with full-blown jaundice, small cutaneous hemorrhages, general weakness and loss of appetite underwent puncture biopsy of liver. Histological examination revealed disseminated dystrophy, hepatocyte necrosis, Councilman’s bodies. Lobule periphery has signs of significant infiltration by lymphocytes, there are also individual multinuclear hepatocytes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- Acute alcoholic hepatitis
- Toxic degeneration of liver
- Chronic hepatitis
- Miliary hepatic cirrhosis
- Acute viral hepatitis/
This is the most common causes inflammation of the liver, causes necrosis and inflammation of hepatocytes
A patient ill with tuberculosis died from progressing cardiopulmonary decompensation. Autopsy in the area of the right lung apex revealed a cavity 5 cm in diameter communicating with lumen of a segmental bronchus. On the inside cavity walls are covered with caseous masses with epithelioid and Langhans cells beneath them. What morphological form of tuberculosis is it?
- Acute cavernous tuberculosis/
- Acute focal tuberculosis
- Infiltrative tuberculosis
- Tuberculoma
- Caseous pneumonia
??
Langhans cell are large cells whereby the epitheloid cells are fused together. this happens incases of TB
30 year old woman has applied a lipstick with a fluorescent substance for a long time. Then she got a limited erythema and slight peeling on her lip border, later there appeared transversal striae and cracks. Special methods of microscopic examination of the affected area helped to reveal sensibilized lymphocytes and macrophages in the connective tissue; cytolysis. What type of immunological hypersensitivity was developed?
. Granulomatosis
- III type (immune complex cytotoxicity)
- IV type (cellular cytotoxicity)/
- II type (antibody cytotoxicity)
- I type (reaginic)
Cell- mediated hypersensitivity= this type of reaction unlike the others causes a delayed response. The use of monocytes. defense against a variety of microorganisms, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses, as well as extracellular agents such as fungi, protozoa
Type 2 antibody-mediated disorder use IgG or IgM antibodies. antigen and antibody complex are nor formed first.
Type III, Immune Complex–Mediated Disorders
Immune complex allergic disorders are caused by the forma- tion of antigen–antibody immune complexes in the blood- stream, which are later deposited in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues (Fig. 15.4). The deposition of these complexes in the tissues activates the complement system and induces a massive inflammatory response. Like type II hypersensitivity reactions, IgG and IgM antibodies activate immune complex–mediated disorders. However, in type III reactions, the antibody–antigen complexes are formed first in the plasma and then deposited in the tissues.
A 63 y.o. man fell ill with acute tracheitis and bronchitis accompanied by bronchial pneumonia. On the 10th day the patient died from cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Autopsy revealed fibrinous hemorrhagic laryngotracheobronchitis; lungs were enlarged, their incision revealed the “coal-miner’s” effect caused by interlacing of sections of bronchial pneumonia, hemorrhages into the pulmonary parenchyma, acute abscesses and atelectases. Internal organs have discirculatory and dystrophic changes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- Respiratory syncytial infection
- Moderately severe influenza
- Adenoviral infection
- Parainfluenza
- Influenza, severe form/
??
- A patient has died from toxic sepsis. During dissection a ‘tabby cat’ (‘tiger’s heart’) was found. Microscopically, lipids were detected in the cytoplasm of the myocardial cells. What is the primary morphological mechanism for development for this dystrophy?
A. *Decomposition/
B. Infiltration
C. Transformation
D. Pathological synthesis. E. Neoplastic alterations.
This happens due to illness the enzyme is not able to breakdown the lipids so they accumulate around such organ
- Ultrastructural investigation of a liver biopsy, revealed that between the mitochondria there were numerous flat cisterns and bubbles with secretory granules circumscribed with membrane. Name a cell structure with the hyperplasic constituents?
A. * Golgi apparatus
B. Pinocytosis bubbles
C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosoms
E. Microtubes
sTRUCTURE
The function of the golgi is to add carbohydrates to proteins making glycoproteins, produce secretory enzymes secrete carbohydrates transport modify and store lipids make lysosomes
- During the examination of a newborn, some apparent skin differences are noted. The skin is dry, with an uneven surface and with the presence of grey plates which can be removed layer by layer. These changes are related to which type of dystrophy?
A. *Homy dystrophy B. Hydropic dystrophy C. Hyaline dystrophy D. Fibrinoid swelling
E. Mucoid swelling
However under a microscope, the cells appear rose gold in colour. But in appearance the skin is dry and uneven, grey plates
48 hours after performing tuberculin test (Mantoux test) to a child a 10 mm papule appeared on the spot of tuberculin introduction. What hypersensitivity mechanism underlies these changes?
- Granulomatosis
- Immune complex cytotoxicity
- Cellular cytotoxicity/
- Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
- Anaphylaxis
Type 1 hypersensitivity= This is an immediate response such as Anaphylactic reactions. is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. Type I is distinct from type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivities. Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or direct contact.
Type 2 hypersensitivity (Complement- and Antibody-Mediated Inflammation)=
Type II hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an antibody mediated process in which IgG and IgM antibodies are directed against antigens on healthy cells (such as circulating red blood cells) or extracellular material (such as basement membrane). This subsequently leads to cell lysis, tissue damage or loss of function. The common cause are drugs i.e. penicilian
Type 3 hypersensitivity (Immune Complex–Mediated Disorders antigen-antibody)= similar to type 2 uses IgG and IgM antibodies
However, in type III reactions, the antibody–antigen complexes are formed first in the plasma and then deposited in the tissues. causes inflammation of vessels. The antigen-antibody complex are formed in the plasma and they are then deposited in organ/s. This reaction can lead to serum sickness
lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
small-vessel vasculitis
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Type 5 Cell-medicated =
T-cells fight this efense against a variety of microorganisms, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses, as well as extracellular agents such as fungi, protozoa, and parasites
Autopsy of a man who died from the sepsis in his femoral bone revealed
phlegmonous inflammation that affected the marrow, haversian canals
and periosteum. Under the periosteum there are multiple abscesses,
adjoining soft tissues of thigh also have signs of phlegmonous
inflammation. What pathological process was described?
- Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis/
- Osteopetrosis
- Osteoporosis
- Chronic hematogenous osteomieliti
osteoporosis= weakness of bones
Osteopetrosis is characterized by overly dense bones throughout the body. Symptoms include fractures, low blood cell production, and loss of cranial nerve function causing blindness, deafness, and/or facial nerve paralysis. Affected individuals may experience frequent infections of teeth and the bone in the jaw.
Acute/ Chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis= due to an
bacterial infection symptoms areOsteomyelitis tends to occlude local blood vessels, which causes bone necrosis and local spread of infection. Infection may expand through the bone cortex and spread under the periosteum(layer which covers the bone), with formation of subcutaneous abscesses that may drain spontaneously through the skin.
In vertebral osteomyelitis, paravertebral or epidural abscess can develop
Acute osteomyelitis typically presents two weeks after bone infection, characterised by inflammatory bone changes. By contrast, chronic osteomyelitis typically presents six or more weeks after bone infection and is characterised by the presence of bone destruction and formation of sequestra..
Autopsy of a man who died from the sepsis in his femoral bone revealed
phlegmonous inflammation that affected the marrow, haversian canals
and periosteum. Under the periosteum there are multiple abscesses,
adjoining soft tissues of thigh also have signs of phlegmonous
inflammation. What pathological process was described?
- Anthracosis/
- Anthracosilicosis
- Silicoanthracosis
- Siderosis
- Talcosis
The pneumoconioses are a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts and the lung tissue’s reaction to the dust.
Anthracosis “the asymptomatic, milder type of pneumoconiosis as caused by the accumulation of carbon in the lungs due to repeated exposure to air pollution or inhalation of smoke or coal dust particles” Make the lungs black
A 46 year old patient who had been suffering from tuberculosis for 6 years died from massive pulmonary haemorrhage. Autopsy revealed different-sixed foci of sclerosis and caseous necrosis in lungs, in the upper part of the right lung there was a cavity 5 cm in diameter with dense grey walls, the cavity contained liquid blood and blood clots. What type of tuberculosis is it?
- Fibrous focal
- Acute focal
- Infiltrative
- Acute cavernous
- Fibrocavernous/
Research TB
