Pathophysiologies of Neuro Flashcards
What is the pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury?
Primary - Compression or contusion on SC damage nerunal and glial cell.
Secondary - Cascade,
Acute - Vascular damage, haemorrhage and disruption of (BSCP). Bleeding causes additional damage to surrounding tissues, releasing pro-iflammatory cytokines due to neutrophils.
Sub-Acute: Arter damage compromises vascular supply -> ischaemic damage to surviving neuronal cells due to no nutrients.
Inflammatory cytokines are releasing from resident cells. Glutamate is released from damaged neuronal cells leading to demyelination.
Chronic phase:
Loss of cell volume causes cyst to form, blocking migration of cells and axon regrowth, glial scar formation also causes this.
What is the pathophysiology of a stroke?
Reduce in blood flow causes loss of oxygen and glucose. No ATP means NA K pump stops working, NA is retained in cell increasing water potential causing an uptake of water in the cell, leading to cell death/burst. Pro-inflammatory cells like phagocytes lead to inflammation they release pro inflammatory cytokines.
What is the pathophysiology of MS?
MS is an autoimmune inflammatory
demyelinating disorder
Myelin insulates the nerve fibres of brain, spinal cord and optic nerves allowing saltatory conduction.
The body mistakes myelin for a foreign body and attacks it
Myelin is stripped of the nerve axon leaving scars
Lesions can occur anywhere in CNS
Leads to axonal loss and gliosis which means nerve signal transmission is slowed
Relapse - recurrent relapses, periods of remission. 24hrs
Secondary progressive - Begins as relapse, progressive deterioration, disability increases
Primary-
Progressive and cumulative deficit no remissions
What is the pathophysiology of Parkinsons Disease?
A progressive neurodegenerative disease that results from the reduction of dopamine.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced in the Substantia Nigra in the Basal Ganglia.
Basal Ganglia is used in planning, modulation and fine tuning of movement.
What is the pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury?
Primary injury -
Initial brain damage
haemorrhage, neuronal and axonal injury and release of cytokines.
Secondary:
Ischaemia and Haemorrhage affect blood supply to brain
No oxygen and no energy for cells to function
Mitochondrial dysfunction – ATP depletion and overproduction
of ROS (is toxic)
Failure of energy-dependent membrane pump
Ion imbalance»_space; Accumulation of Na and Ca as well as
Glutamate.
Cells increase due to water»_space; Swelling
Membrane degradation of vascular and cellular structures and
ultimately necrotic or programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Excitotoxicity due to accumulation and release of glutamate
What is PDOC
‘prolonged disorder of consciousness’
over 4 weeks .
Includes Coma, Vegatative state, minimally conscious state.
What is Guillain barre syndrome?
Autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy - Affects multiple peripheral nerves
Due to molecular mimicry so immune system attacks nerve cells.
What are different types of MND?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: upper & lower, in men,
Spastic & overactive in LL opposite in UL (flaccid & reduced reflexes).
Progressive Bulbar Palsy - In women, lower motor affects brainstem,
Speech affect, tongue is weak and stiff.
Progressive Muscular Atrophy - loss of motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
