Pathophys + two pharm questions Flashcards
What are the antibiotics that are commonly recommended for treatment of canine mastitis? Two answers.
(Cephalexin or clavamox)
What are the two disadvantages to using cephalexin and/or clavamox in a case of canine mastitis?
(They have poor coverage of E. coli and have poor penetration into the milk)
Why are dairy cows at the greatest risk of developing mastitis of all other species?
(Bc their udders are more exposed when compared to other species (such as a horse with their udder tucked between their legs))
What portion of the suspensory ligament is integral to keeping the teats more tucked up under a cow?
(The lateral → they pull the teats upward when the udder isn’t full; although can break down over time)
What are the two main physical mechanisms of mammary gland defense?
(The anatomy of the teat canal and the keratin layer of the teat canal)
Cellular defense of the mammary glands involves somatic cells, what are the two primary defensive somatic cells of the mammary gland?
(T lymphocytes → release cytokines in response to infection to recruit neutrophils; and macrophages → destroy bacteria)
What is the purpose of lactoferrin contained in milk?
(Chelates iron to keep it away from bacteria that need it)
Why will cows start dribbling milk after the cleaning phase of milking?
(Bc you’ve been stimulating their teats → oxytocin release → milk letdown → pressure in the udder that overcomes the teat sphincter and allows milk to escape the udder)
When foremilk stripping a cow, what are you looking for that would indicate mastitis?
(Garget → large, white clumps present in the milk)
Which quarters of the udder contain the most milk?
(The hindquarters)
When are dairy cows most susceptible to mastitis in relation to the dry period?
(The first and last two weeks of the dry period)
When are dairy cows most susceptible to mastitis in relation to lactation?
(The first two weeks of lactation)
When getting a milk sample for culturing purposes, which teats do you disinfect first, far or near?
(The far teats)
When getting a milk sample for culturing purposes, which teats do you collect from first, far or near?
(The near teats)
You are presented with a cow who has an obvious line of demarcation between pink and blue tissue on their udder with cold and slimy teats; what type of mastitis does she have?
(Gangrenous mastitis)
What are the causative agents of gangrenous mastitis in heifers? Two answers.
(C. perfringens and S. aureus; cows tend to just get S. aureus infections)
What are the causative agents of gangrenous mastitis in small ruminants? Two answers.
(S. aureus and P. haemolytica)
Will animals with gangrenous mastitis show systemic signs?
(Yes → tachycardia, hypo or hyperthermia, dehydrated, ruminal atony, and potentially down)
You are presented with a cow who is down with puffy teats and a hard, painful udder; you strip the teat and find clots in the secretions that resemble egg drop soup (yum); what bacterial infection is indicated?
(This is a case of peracute/severe mastitis with coliform bacteria involvement → E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacteria, etc.)
Coliform mastitis presents similarly to Staph mastitis, what other systemic sign might a coliform mastitic cow have that would set it apart from a staph mastitic cow?
Diarrhea –> d/t endotoxin
What is the difference between an acute and subacute mastitis in terms of the presentation of the teats and udder?
(Acute → teats may be puffy and affected quarter will be hard, swollen and painful with possibly edema; subacute → udder and teat can be completely normal, you would only noticed bc of the foremilk stripping and the drop in milk production)
How is subclinical mastitis identified?
(Subclinical mastitis is an increase in the somatic cell count of the milk, nothing else will be amiss → can only be detected via diagnostic tests, specifically the CMT)
Which contagious mastitic organism is related to chronic, subclinical infections and/or abscesses that lives on the skin of the cow and the milkers?
(Staph aureus)
What contagious mastitic organism is an obligate udder parasite and is the only organism that can be treated during the lactation period?
(Strep agalactia)
How do the clinicals signs associated with Strep agalactia and Strep dysgalactia differ?
(Strep agalactia → localizes in the duct system so not associated with clinical signs just increased SCC of milk; Strep dysgalactia → mild fever and doughy udder, abnormal milk)
What is the one pathogen that can infect the udder from the hematogenous route?
(Mycoplasma bovis and other species)
You cultured a cow’s milk and it came back as positive for Corynebacterium bovis growth, what husbandry practice should you assess at the farm in response to this finding?
(The teat dipping protocols → increased prevalence of Corynebacterium bovis when teat dipping is inadequate)
What is the major source of Streptococcus uberis infections?
(Bedding)
Most infections of environmental coliform bacteria are acquired during what period to then manifest shortly after calving?
(During the dry period)
Which of the coliform environmental bacteria is associated with green sawdust?
(Klebsiella spp.)
Which of the coliform environmental bacteria is associated with straw bedding?
(Escheria coli)
Coagulase negative staph infections are typically peracute/severe, acute, subacute, or subclinical?
(Subclinical)
What specific vector (common name) is responsible for the spread of Truperella pyogenes during the summer, causing summer mastitis?
(Horn flies)
What is the treatment for gangrenous mastitis?
(Remove the teat and then treat as a systemic mastitis → fluids, abx, analgesics, etc.)
What is the one bacterial exception to the rule of treating subclinical mastitis during the lactation period is not effective?
(Strep mastitis)
Which of the dips, pre or post, control environmental pathogens?
(Pre-dip)
Which of the dips, pre or post, control contagious pathogens?
(Post-dip)
What is the purpose of feeding cows post milking and is that more useful for preventing environmental or contagious pathogens?
(Allows the teat canal to close before the cows go and lay down (if they choose to) bc they eat standing up; prevents environmental)
What is the treatment for galactostasis in cats?
(Warm compresses, massage, and strip the teats)
What syndrome is associated with fat sow syndrome, prolonged farrowings, large litter size, and high postpartum fever in sows that occurs within the first 3 days of farrowing?
(Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome)
What is the most common causative agent of mastitis in mares?
(Strep zooepidemicus)
Vulvar discharge for how long postpartum is normal in a bitch?
(3-4 weeks postpartum, green immediately and then becomes reddish brown to brown; should have no odor)
(T/F) Neutrophils and bacteria being present on cytology in the postpartum discharge is normal for a bitch.
(T)
(T/F) The only normal color for milk is white.
(T, colostrum can be yellow-ish white but once that has passed, mature milk should be white)
When is peak lactation for dogs?
(3-4 weeks postpartum)
What does a retained placenta predispose a dam to?
(Metritis)
Do small animal species have systemic illness signs when they have a retained placenta?
(No, will see persistence of green vulvar discharge (in a bitch) and restlessness)
Which layers of the uterus are affected in acute metritis?
(All of them, endometrium and myometrium)
Acute metritis occurs within how many days from parturition in small animals?
(7-10 days postpartum)
How long is oxytocin effective in causing uterine contractions after parturition?
(24 hours)
What drug can be administered for medical evacuation of fluid from the uterus in treatment of acute metritis?
(PGF)
Which age of bitches are typically associated with subinvolution of placental sites/SIPS?
(Young, < 3 yoa, primiparous bitches)
How long can the persistent serosanguinous vulvar discharge related to SIPS last?
(8-16 weeks postpartum)
What is the treatment for SIPS?
(Nothing, will go into spontaneous remission; can spay if hemorrhage is severe or if there is ulceration/perforation of the uterine wall)
Which small animal species are uterine prolapses more common in (though the incidence is still very rare)?
(Meow)
What is the term for the accumulation of milk in the mammary glands without infection?
(Galactostasis)
When are dogs more likely to develop acute mastitis?
(Anytime during lactation, no specific time more of a risk unlike in cows)
(T/F) There is no treatment for primary agalactia.
(T, primary agalactia is anatomical abnormalities of the mammary gland or lack of response to physiologic stimuli)
What is the primary clinical sign of agalactia in a dam?
(Puppies or kittens are not gaining appropriate weight)
What is the purpose of administering a dopamine antagonist to dam’s with agalactia?
(Dopamine blocks prolactin, removing that block leads to increased milk production)
The first ovulation typically occurs within what time period postpartum in cattle?
(3-4 weeks)
Uterine involution is complete how many days postpartum in cattle?
(45 days)
What is the typical voluntary waiting period for dairy cows?
(60 days)
What is the typical voluntary waiting period for beef cows?
(At least 30 days)
When are small ruminants usually able to breed postpartum?
(3 months pp (1 month after weaning))
Estrus results in what time period post weaning in pigs?
(4-7 days)
What process must occur to break down the cotyledons from the caruncles in ruminants or else the membrane will become retained?
(Collagenolysis)
What is the main consequence of a retained placenta in production species?
(A decrease in future fertility)
(T/F) If a cow has a retained placenta but is showing no systemic signs of infection/sickness, no treatment is required.
(T, takes 5-7 days to expel when the caruncles slough; if she shows signs of sickness in that time period, that indicates infection and then you should treat)
What is the most commonly found causative agent of metritis in cattle postpartum?
(Trueperella pyogenes)
How can endometritis lead to the retention of a CL which can then result in a pyometra? Two answers.
(Impaired endometrium unable to produce enough PGF to lyse the CL or the WBCs in the pus in the uterus produce progesterone which supports the CL)
What is the treatment for a pyometra in cattle?
(PGF inj + repeated in 14 days, +/- gentle uterine lavage)
What mineral deficiency is uterine prolapse usually associated with?
(Hypocalcemia)
What is the purpose of extending the hind limbs backward in a cow with a prolapsed uterus that is lying down?
(Tilts the pelvis forward which will make it easier to replace the uterus)
(T/F) Uterine prolapse is a genetic issue and cows that are affected should be culled.
(F, uterine prolapse is not related to genetics, can breed back if survives prolapse)
What is the purpose of using hypertonic saline or dextrose to clean a prolapsed uterus?
(Reduction of edema)
Calving paralysis is associated with damage to what nerve?
(The obturator nerve)
You are presented with a down cow that has muscle twitching, showed anorexia prior to going down, cold extremities and a rapid pulse; how would you treat this cow?
(This cow has milk fever/hypocalcemia, treat with IV and oral calcium, cow should get up immediately with treatment)
What are the clinical signs associated with ketosis in a postpartum, high milk production dairy cow? Two answers.
(Drop in milk production and feed intake, recumbency in extreme cases)
What GI tract abnormalities are ketotic dairy cows prone to developing?
(RDA or LDA)
(T/F) Metabolic diseases associated with parturition are typically prepartum for small ruminants and postpartum for cattle.
(T)
Why is hygiene crucial to prevent MMA complex in sows?
(The most common causative agents are environmental)
What is the treatment for noninfectious agalactia in sows?
(Oxytocin, only viable for a short period postpartum, and changing nutrition → if fails, cull and graft piglets to another dam)
