Neonatology

Question 1

The umbilical vein typically has a hypo or hyperechoic center?

Answer 1

(Hypoechoic, hyperechoic could indicate infection)

Question 2

What is the typical size for normal umbilical arteries?

Answer 2

(Less than 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter)

Question 3

Omphalitis is most prevalent in neonates less than how many days old?

Answer 3

(14 days old)

Question 4

What is the most common general cause of omphalitis?

Answer 4

(Infectious, others are inflammatory causes (improper iodine application or use of cautery agents) and improper cord separation)

Question 5

In what cases of omphalitis can you use medical treatment?

Answer 5

(Mild cases → normal temp, normal CBC, no complications)

Question 6

What is the most common malformation of the equine urinary tract?

Answer 6

(Patent urachus)

Question 7

If a medically management patent urachus does not close within what time period will you then default to surgery?

Answer 7

(3 days)

Question 8

Are colts or fillies more likely to be affected by a uroperitoneum?

Answer 8

(Colts)

Question 9

What are the classic blood chemistry changes in a foal with a uroperitoneum? Four answers.

Answer 9

(Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, and azotemia)

Question 10

What are you looking for if performing an abdominocentesis on a foal you suspect has a uroperitoneum?

Answer 10

(For the peritoneal fluid:serum creatinine to be > 2:1)

Question 11

Will a foal with a uroabdomen be bradycardic or tachycardic?

Answer 11

(Brady d/t the hyperkalemia)

Question 12

Why are severe cases of uroabdomen associated with hypoxemia?

Answer 12

(Bc the related distended abdomen decreases the capacity of the lungs → hypoxemia)

Question 13

You just received your chem results back on a foal with a uroabdomen, their potassium is 5.8 mEq/L, is it appropriate to go to surgery at this time?

Answer 13

(No, you want the potassium to be < 5.5 mEq/L prior to surgery and the foal generally needs to be stable)

Question 14

What is the most common congenital cause of urinary incontinence in dogs?

Answer 14

(Ectopic ureters)

Question 15

Why are 50% of ectopic ureter cases still incontinent after surgery?

Answer 15

(Bc they had urethral sphincter incontinence as well so correcting the ectopic ureter is not enough)

Question 16

In what cases of umbilical hernias can you use conservative management?

Answer 16

(Easily reduced umbilical hernias, often will spontaneously resolve on their own)

Question 17

If you are presented with a younger horse with a mild angle of deviation of one of their limbs, what surgical treatment would you pursue?

Answer 17

(Periosteal stripping)

Question 18

If you are presented with an older (but still young) horse with a more severe angle of deviation of one of their limbs, what surgical treatment would you pursue?

Answer 18

(Both transphyseal bridging and periosteal stripping)

Question 19

Do you have more time to manipulate more distal or more proximal joints in a horse?

Answer 19

(You have more time to manipulate more proximal joints)

Question 20

Do you typically observe varus or valgus deformities of the fetlock?

Answer 20

(Varus)

Question 21

Do you typically observe valgus of the fetlock or the carpus?

Answer 21

(Carpus)