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Pathophysiology > Pathophys ch25 Endocrine > Flashcards

Pathophys ch25 Endocrine Flashcards

(67 cards)

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0
Q

Hyposecretion

A

deficit of hormone

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1
Q

Hypersecretion

A

excessive amounts of hormone

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2
Q

Adenoma

A
  • Benign tumor in the gland - May be secretory - causing excess hormone - May be destructive - causing a deficit of hormone
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3
Q

Target cell involvement in disease?

A

may become resistant or insensitive to the hormone - creating the effect of a hormone deficit

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4
Q

Diabetes mellitus – What is it?

A

Disease caused by deficit of insulin secretion or lack of response by cells to insulin

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5
Q

Diabetes mellitus – S&S

A
  • polyuria - polydipsia - polyphagia

- hyperglycemia - glucosuria - ketoacidosis - ketouria

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6
Q

Insulin deficit

A

results in abnormal carbohydrate - protein - and fat metabolism because the transport of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired as well as the synthesis of protein and glycogen

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7
Q

Type 1 diabetes affect whom?

A

Occurs most frequently in children and young adults

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8
Q

Type 1 diabetes – pathophysiology

A

Insulin deficit results from destruction of cells from an autoimmune reaction

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes – treatment

A

Insulin replacement is required

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10
Q

Type 2 diabetes affects whom?

A

Develops gradually in adults. Obesity and sedentary are factors.

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes – pathophysiology

A

Decreased effectiveness of insulin or a relative deficit of insulin

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12
Q

Type 2 diabetes – treatment

A

Controlled by diet - exercise - oral medication - insulin replacement

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13
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

a complex of several conditions marked by obesity - CV changes - and significant insulin resistance due to increased adipose tissue

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14
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

may develop during pregnancy and disappear after delivery of the child

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15
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hypoglycemia

A

excess insulin causing a deficit of glucose in the blood

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16
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hypoglycemia

A

Lack of glucose quickly affects the nervous system

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17
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hypoglycemia

A

S&S - weakness - confusion - pallor - tremor - may lead to loss of consciousness - seizures - and death

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18
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Insufficient insulin which leads to high blood glucose levels and mobilization of lipids

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19
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

S&S - thirst - dry skin - oliguria - acetone breath - nausea - vomiting - and can eventually lead to coma

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20
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma

A

Infection or over indulge in carbohydrate using more insulin than anticipated

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21
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma

A

Hyperglycemia and dehydration develops but sufficient insulin is available to prevent ketoacidosis

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22
Q

(Acute complications of diabetes) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma

A

S&S - neurologic deficits - muscle weakness - difficulty with speech

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23
Q

(Chronic complications of diabetes) Microangiopathy

A

capillary basement membrane becomes thick and hard - this causes obstruction or rupture of capillaries and small arteries and results in necrosis with loss of function

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24
Retinopathy
the leading cause of blindness
25
Nephropathy
vascular degeneration in the glomeruli
26
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Macroangiopathy
Atherosclerosis leading to heart attacks - strokes - peripheral vascular disease
27
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Macroangiopathy
Obstruction of blood vessel in the legs results in ulcers on the feet and legs that are slow to heal
28
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Peripheral neuropathy
Results from ischemia and altered metabolic process in neurons
29
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Peripheral neuropathy
Leads to impaired sensations - numbness - tingling - and muscle wasting
30
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Infections
More common and more severe because of the vascular impairment - decreased tissue resistance - delayed healing
31
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Infections
Fungal infection occur frequently on the skin in body folds - oral cavity and vagina
32
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Cataracts
Related to abnormal metabolism of glucose
33
(Chronic complications of diabetes) Cataracts
Results in accumulated sorbitol and water in the lens
34
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hypoparathyroidism
May be caused by lack of glands - surgery - radiation - or autoimmune
35
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hypoparathyroidism
leads to hypocalcemia or low serum calcium levels
36
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hypoparathyroidism
S&S - weak cardiac muscle contractions - increased excitability of nerves leading to spontaneous contraction of skeletal muscle
37
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hyperparathyroidism
May be caused by an adenoma - hyperplasia - or secondary to renal failure
38
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hyperparathyroidism
Leads to hypercalcemia or high serum calcium levels
39
(Parathyroid hormone and calcium) Hyperparathyroidism
S&S - forceful cardiac contractions - osteoporosis - kidney stones
40
(Pituitary hormones) Benign adenomas
are the most common cause of pituitary disorders
41
(Pituitary hormones) Benign adenomas
the mass causes increased ICP and associated signs
42
(Pituitary hormones) Benign adenomas
Tumor cells may secrete excessive amounts of hormones or may destroy cells causing a deficit of a hormone
43
(Growth hormone) Pituitary dwarfism
Deficit of growth hormone; Normal intelligence and normal body proportions
44
(Growth hormone) Gigantism
excess GH secretion before puberty
45
(Growth hormone) Acromegaly
Excess GH secretion in the adult; Bones become broader and heavier - resulting in enlarged hands and feet - a thicker skull - and changes in the facial features
46
(Antidiuretic hormone) Diabetes insipidus
Deficit of ADH; Polyuria with large volumes of dilute urine and thirst - eventually causing dehydration
47
(Antidiuretic hormone) Inappropriate ADH syndrome
Excess ADH; Causes retention of fluid - mental confusion and irritability
48
Thyroid disorders
May result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction
49
(Thyroid disorders) Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
50
Endemic goiter
i) Low iodine levels in soil and food; ii) Iodine deficiency leads to low T3 /T4 production and increased TSH producing hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the thyroid gland
51
Toxic goiter
hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
52
(Thyroid disorders) Hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease
Related to an autoimmune factor - antibodies mimic TSH
53
(Thyroid disorders) Hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease
S&S - hypermetabolism - toxic goiter - exophthalmos
54
Thyroid storm
uncontrolled hyperthyroidisms usually precipitated by infection or surgery
55
(Severe hypothyroidism) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
destructive autoimmune disorder
56
(Severe hypothyroidism) Myxedema
i) Severe hypothyroidism in adults; ii) Myxedema coma results in hypotension - hypoglycemia - hypothermia - loss of consciousness
57
(Severe hypothyroidism) Cretinism
i) Untreated congenital hypothyroidism; ii) Results in severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development
58
(Adrenal medulla) Pheochromocytoma
benign tumor that secretes epinephrine - norepinephrine - etc.
59
(Adrenal medulla) Pheochromocytoma
Causes hypertension
60
(Adrenal medulla) Pheochromocytoma
S&S - headache - palpitations - sweating - anxiety
61
(Adrenal cortex) Cushing's syndrome
Excessive amount of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone - cortisol)
62
(Adrenal cortex) Cushing's syndrome
Result from adrenal adenoma - pituitary adenoma - ectopic carcinoma - iatrogenic conditions (Fig. 25-17 - pg. 568)
63
(Adrenal cortex) Cushing's syndrome
S&S - moon face - heavy trunk - fat on back of neck - wasting of muscles in the limbs - fragile skin - osteoporosis - delayed healing
64
(Adrenal cortex) Addison's disease
deficit of glucocorticoids - mineral corticoids and androgens
65
(Adrenal cortex) Addison's disease
Autoimmune reaction or destruction of glands
66
(Adrenal cortex) Addison's disease
S&S - decreased blood volume - BP - weight - blood glucose - serum Na+ and stress responses with increased K+ and infection

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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