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Pathophysiology > Pathophys ch22_23b Neuro > Flashcards

Pathophys ch22_23b Neuro Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

neurons

A

_________ are giant cells which receive information through dendrites and send it through axons and are the basic unit of the brain

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2
Q

glial cells

A

There are 5 different kinds of _________ _________ that support neurons

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2
Q

Name the 5 types of glial cells.

A 
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
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3
Q

astrocytes

A

the largest and most common of the glial cells are __________

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4
Q

astrocytes

A

_________ provide the chemicals to form the blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

astrocytes

A

__________ provide structural framework

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6
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells that repair damaged tissue are called ___________

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7
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of the astrocytes is called _________

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8
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

__________ are responsible for myelination of axons in the CNS

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9
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

there are very few ______ and are responsible for myelin in the CNS

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10
Q

microglia

A

_________ are phagocytes

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11
Q

microglia

A

__________ remove waste and foreign elements from brain tissue

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

_________ _______ line fluid filled cavities within the CNS

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

___________ _____________ produces CSF in some regions

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14
Q

ependymal cells

A

______________ _________ covered with cilia that move CSF in some regions

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15
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke

A

_______ _______ ________ is caused by ruptured aneurysm, thrombus, or embolus

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16
Q

CVA

A

_______ produces paralysis, hemiparesis, aphasia, or dysphagia. Primary cause of disability in the US

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17
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini stroke

A

_____ _____ _____ is usually a brief zoning out, slurring of speech, confusion, or asymmetry of facial features or tongue. May be a warning sign of an impending stroke.

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18
Q

senile dementia

A

_________ _________ is caused by atherosclerosis and infarcts

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19
Q

alzheimers

A

_________ is a type of senile dementia caused by genetic factors

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20
Q

alzheimers

A

cerebral atrophy, neuron loss, and fibrillar deposits in brain tissue are all caused by __________.

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21
Q

cerebral palsy

A

___________ __________ is caused by prenatal injury or birth injury causing muscle weakness and spasicity

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22
Q

epilepsy

A

seizures from ________ are treated with phenobarbital, dilantin, tegretol, neurontin. Diagnosed with EEG

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23
Q

huntingtons disease

A

__________ _______________ is an autosomal dominant heredity disease which affects mental ability and causes motor disturbances

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24
tay-sachs disease
incurable enzyme deficiency that results in progressive mental and motor deterioration and blindness is known as __________ __________.
25
encephalitis
pathogens such as treponema pallidum and other bacteria and viruses such as HIV cause __________. Herpes virus is the most common viral cause of __________ in the us.
26
encephalopathy
______________ is caused by impaired renal function, cirrhosis of the liver (portal hypertension), and other metabolic disorders
27
coup and counter coup
lesions in the brain that occur at the site of impact and on the opposite side of impact to the head are known as ________ and _____________.
28
alcoholism
________________ causes cortical atrophy and nutritional deficiencies
29
multiple sclerosis
chronic autoimmune disease involving demyelination of axons is known as _______ ________. It is long acting (30yrs) with remissions and exacerbations
30
hydrocephalus
blockage of CFS flow or abnormality in CFS production causes increase of fluid in the brain, increased cranial pressure (ICP) and enlarged cranium (in infants) is called ____________
31
hydroencephalus
___________ is relieved by placing a shunt from brain tissue into the peritoneum or other body cavities.
32
meninges
____________ are three layers of specialized tissue the protect the brain tissue and spinal cord by holding them in place
33
meninges
______________ work as a shock absorber and contain vessels which bring blood oxygen an nutrients to the neural tissue.
34
dura mater
_________ ________ is the outer most layer of the meninges
35
arachnoid
__________ is the middle layer of the meninges
36
pia mater
________ _________ is the inner most layer of the meninges
37
subdural hematoma
__________ ___________ is bleeding below the dura and is a sign of possible trauma
38
subarachnoid hemorrhage
_______ ________ is blood beneath arachnoid layer possibly from the rupture of a blood vessel
39
meningitis
_______ is caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacterium (neisseria meningitides), fungi etc.
40
meningitis
inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord is known as ____________
41
meningitis
it is imortant to know if _________ is caused by virus or bacterium because the severity of illness and the treatment differ depending on the cause.
42
viral meningitis
__________ ___________ is the less severe form of this medical condition. Bacterial ________ may cause brain damage hearing loss or learning disabilities
43
neurotransmitters
nerves communicate with one another at synapses or the neuromuscular junction with the help of _________
44
myasthenia gravis
__________ _________ is an autoimmune disease caused by abnormalities with acetylcholine and results in muscle weakness
45
parkinsons disease
__________ _________ is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia, due to lack of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.
46
Parkinson's disease
_______ _______ is characterized by a shuffling gait, rigidity, and other physical problems
47
spinal column
_________ _________ is connected to the cortex and the ventricles by the pons and medulla oblongata
48
anencephaly
____________ is a condition when the cortical portion of the brain is absent and the fetus will not live
49
spina bifida
a malformation of the vertebrae which leaves the spinal cord unprotected on one side is called _________ __________
50
meningocele
__________ is the name of the protrusion of the meninges
51
myelomeningocele
protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges is called _________
52
spinal cord
________ __________ is composed of gray matter (cell bodies) and white matter (myelinized tissue). the ________ ________ contains the nerve pathways from the brain and from the body.
53
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs Disease
_____ ______ _____ is caused by the loss of cerebrospinal pathways in the spinal cord
54
ALS
________ has a relatively short prognosis of 5 years and causes progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis with little affect on mental processes
55
sciatica
_________ is when there is an interference with the sciatic nerve that runs from the lumbar area and goes down the back of the buttocks and legs and causes severe pain
56
quadraplegia
injury to the cervical vertebrea and spinal cord may cause this type of paralysis __________
57
paraplegia
_________ results form injury to the thoracic vertebrae and causes paralysis below the waist
58
herniated disc
________ _________ also known as bulging disc or ruptured disc and causes severe pain due to the compression of the peripheral nerves going out from the spinal cord
59
shingles
a painful rash along the sensory distribution of the affected spinal nerves caused by a viral infection ( often herpes varicella-zoster) is called _________
60
poliomyelitis
viral infection caused by one of three polio viruses is called __________ . vaccinations have been successful in controlling the disease which in its severe forms causes crippling and lung paralysis
61
meningitis
_______ is the inflammation of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
62
neoplasms
the majority of _________ in brain tissue are caused by metastisis of malignant tumors
63
seizure medicines
phenobarbital, dilantin, tegretal, and nuerontin are used as ______ _________.
64
encephalopathy
__________ is caused by portal hypertension, impaired renal function, or cirrhosis of the liver
65
encephalitis
__________ is caused by pathogens, treponema pallidum, HIV, Herpes
66
lumbar puncture
__________ __________ is used to diagnos meningitis
67
CVA
__________ may be caused by ruptured aneurysm thrombus embolism
68
coup and counter coup
Brain lesions at the point of impact and at diametrically the opposite point are called ________ and __________
69
spina bifida
_______ ________ is a condition where there is a malformation of the vertebrae which leaves the spinal column unprotected on one side (vertebrea do not close)
70
retinopathy
capillaries in choroid become blocked or damaged and retina falls forward causing _________ or detached retina. One cause is diabetes
71
glaucoma
common in people over 40, __________ is primarily a disease of pressure which destroys the optic nerve
72
optic nerve
________ _______ is destroyed by glaucoma
73
senile cataracts
__________ _________ are due to old age
74
secondary cataracts
________ ________ can be caused by medication or diseases such as diabetes
75
blurs light and objects
cataracts affect vision because they ____ _______
76
melanoma
_______ is the most common primary intraocular tumor affecting adults
77
otitis media
________ ______ is typically caused by bacteria that invade the cavity of the middle ear. If untreated may cause pain, hearing loss, and ruptured typanic membrane
78
glaucoma
___________ is a disease related to impeded vitreous fluid due to pressure in the eye which causes atrophy of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells which affect the vision
79
cataracts
___________ are the blurring of the crystalline lens of the eye
80
macular degeneration
______ ________ is an age related disease affecting the pigmented cells in the macula lutea and is the leading cause of visual problems in elderly people
81
diabetic retinopathy
_________ ___________ is blindness due to cataracts caused by diabetes and the result of edema, micro-aneurysm, and exudates
82
hypertensive retinopathy
___________ __________ is a result of edema of the optic disk
83
retinoblastoma
___________ is a rare tumor of infancy and childgood. __________ grows as an intraocular mass that ultimately fills the entire globe and extends into the optic nerve
84
melanomas
__________ are the most common primary intraocular tumors affecting adults
85
deafness
hearing loss may be caused by many diseases of the ear and result in ______________
86
otitis media
________ _______ is caused by conditions that predispose individuals to middle ear infections such as infections of the external ear or pharyngitis
87
menieres disease
a disease of the ear that can cause vertigo low frequency hearing loss and ringing of the ear (tinnitus)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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