Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Pathophys ch23 chronic neuro disorders > Flashcards

Pathophys ch23 chronic neuro disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF accumulates within the skull compressing brain tissue and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hydrocephalus in infants

A

Infant’s head enlarges beyond the normal size as fluid increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Noncommunicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

A

flow of CSF through the ventricles is blocked leading to increased back pressure of fluid in the ventricles which gradually enlarge - compressing the blood vessels and brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus

A

absorption of CSF through the subarachnoid villi is impaired - resulting in increased pressure of CSF in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrocephalus induced brain damage

A

The amount of brain damage depends on the rate at which pressure increases and the time that elapses before relief occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrocephalus Etiology

A
  • Developmental abnormality
    • stenosis of connecting canals
    • thickened arachnoid membrane
  • tumor, infection, or scar tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hydrocephalus S&S - in neonates

A

Head enlarges - scalp veins are dilated - shrill cry - etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Spina bifida

A

Neural tube defect in which the posterior spinous processes do not fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

spinous processes don’t fuse - no herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meningocele

A

herniation of meninges and CSF form a sac outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

herniation of spinal cord and nerves along with meninges and CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spina bifida Etiology

A

Combination of genetic and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spina Bifida S&S

A

Menigocele - visible protruding sac - sensory and motor function impairment below the herniation.
Alpha-fetoprotein levels elevated in maternal blood and amniotic fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cerebral palsy

A

Group of disorders marked by motor impairment caused by mutations, infection, brain damage occuring during the perinatal period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 groups of cerebral palsy motor disabilities

A
  • spastic paralysis
  • dyskinetic
  • ataxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

damage to the motor cortex or pyramidal tracts causing hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dyskinetic disease

A

damage to the extrapyramidal tract - basal nuclei - or cranial nerves resulting in athetoid or choreiform involuntary movement and loss of coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ataxic cerebral palsy

A

damage to the cerebellum resulting in loss of balance and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cerebral palsy etiology

A
  • Brain damage or abnormal brain development
    • infection, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, trauma
    • hypoxia or ischemia is the major cause of brain damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebral palsy - other areas of disfunction

A

Additional areas of dysfunction - intelligence - speech - seizures - vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Seizure disorders

A

sudden - spontaneous - uncontrolled depolarization of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Seizure disorders classification

A

Classified by their location in the brain and their clinical features

  • generalized seizures (multiple foci or origin)
  • partial seizures (single focus origin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Seizure disorders - neuronal focus

A

The neurons in the focus are hyperexcitable and have a lowered threshold for stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Seizure disorders - propagation

A

The focal cells stimulate the surrounding normal cells - spreading the activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Seizure disorders - etiology

A
  • idiopathic (primary cause)
    • congenital disorders
  • acquired (secondary)
    • head injury, infection, tumor, high fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Generalized seizures

A

both hemispheres are affected with loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Absence (petit mal) seizures

A

brief loss of awareness and sometimes transient facial movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

A

loss of consciousness and the individual falls to the floor - strong tonic muscle contractions followed by clonic stage when muscles alternately contract and relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Status epilepticus

A

recurrent tonic-clonic seizures without full return to consciousness which can lead to severe hypoxia, hypoglycemia, acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Partial seizures

A

single focus or origin - often in the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Simple partial or focal seizures

A

manifested by repeated motor activity or by a sensation such as tingling - memory and consciousness remain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Jacksonian seizure (Partial seizures)

A

focal motor seizure in which clonic contractions begin in a specific area and spread progressively

33
Q

Psychomotor seizures - behavioral S&S

A

Also known as Complex partial or temporal lobe seizures. S&S bizarre behavior - perhaps repetitive and purposeful but inappropriate

34
Q

Psychomotor seizures - visual S&S

A

Visual or auditory hallucinations or feelings of deja vu occur

35
Q

Psychomotor seizures - awareness

A

Person is unresponsive to people or activities during the seizure

36
Q

What is Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Progressive demyelination of the neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves

37
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) - pathophsiology

A

Loss of myelin interferes with conduction of impulses in affected fibers

38
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) - etiology

A
  • Immune inflammatory response in which cells attack neurons (autoimmune disease).
  • Genetic and environmental components
39
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) - S&S

A

S&S - blurred vision - weakness in legs - diplopia - scotoma - dysarthia

40
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive degeneration disorder affecting motor function through loss of extrapyramidal activity

41
Q

Parkinson’s disease - pathophysiology

A

A decreased number of neurons in the substantia nigra secrete dopamine

42
Q

Parkinson’s disease S&S

A

S&S - tremors in hands - feet - etc. along with muscle rigidity - bradykinesia

44
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Progressive degenerative disease affecting both upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.

45
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - spastic pathophysiology

A

Loss of upper motor neurons leads to spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia

46
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - flaccid pathophysiology

A

Loss of lower motor neurons leads to flaccid paralysis

47
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - S&S

A

S&S - muscle weakness and atrophy - paralysis progressing through body - eventually swallowing and respiration are impaired

48
Q

What is Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder that impairs the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction preventing stimulation of the muscles

49
Q

Myasthenia gravis S&S

A

S&S - muscle weakness and fatigue in face and eyes - chewing and swallowing become difficult - neck and arm muscles become involved

50
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal-dominant inherited disorder does not manifest until midlife

51
Q

Huntington’s disease - pathophysiology

A

Progressive atrophy of the brain occurs with degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex

52
Q

Huntington’s disease S&S

A

S&S - mood swings - personality changes - restlessness - choreiform movements progressing to rigidity - akinesia - dementia

53
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive chronic disease where cortical function is decreased impairing cognitive function

54
Q

Dementia - S&S

A

Behavioral and personality changes are usually present

55
Q

Alzheimers disease - Pathophysiology

A

Progressive cortical atrophy and loss of intellectual function

56
Q

Alzheimers disease - S&S

A

S&S - loss of memory - lack of concentration etc.

57
Q

Vascular dementia - etiology

A

caused by cerebrovascular disease and results from multiple small brain infarctions

58
Q

Vascular dementia - S&S

A

S&S - memory loss - apathy - inability to manage daily routine

59
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - etiology

A

caused by infection by a prion

60
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - S&S

A

S&S - memory loss - behavioral changes - motor dysfunction

61
Q

AIDS dementia

A

HIV invades brain tissue resulting in gradual memory loss and cognitive ability and impaired motor skills

62
Q

Mental disorders

A

Dysfunction in the areas of behavior or personality that interferes with the person’s ability to function

63
Q

Schizophrenia - pathophysiology

A

Changes in brain - reduced gray matter in the temporal lobe - enlarged ventricles - excessive dopamine secretion - decreased blood flow to the frontal lobes

64
Q

Schizophrenia S&S

A

S&S - disorganized thought processes - impaired communication

65
Q

Depression - what is it?

A

Classified as mood disorder on the basis of characteristic disorganized emotions

66
Q

Depression types

A

Includes unipolar / bipolar disorders and response to a life event

67
Q

Depression pathophysiology

A

Results from decreased activity of norepenephrine and serotonin

68
Q

Depression S&S

A

S&S - prolonged period of profound sadness marked by hopelessness and an inability to find pleasure in any activity

69
Q

Describe a Panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder which develops when panic attacks are frequent or prolonged

70
Q

Panic disorder - pathophysiology

A

An increased discharge of neurons or biochemical abnormalities involving neurotransmitters

71
Q

Panic disorder S&S

A

S&S - repeated episodes of intense fear without provocation

72
Q

What is a Herniated intervertebral disc?

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosus into the extradural space

73
Q

Herniated intervertebral disc pathophysiology

A

Exerts pressure on the spinal nerve or cord interfering with conduction

74
Q

Herniated intervertebral disc - how is permanent damage done

A

Pressure on nerve tissue / blood supply may result in permanent damage

75
Q

Herniated intervertebral disc - etiology

A

Etiology - trauma or poor body mechanics

76
Q

Herniated intervertebral disc S&S

A

S&S - lumbosacral causes lower back pain that radiates down 1 or 2 legs - cervical causes pain in the neck and shoulder that radiates down the arm

76
Q

Definition of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:

A
  • Amyotrophic = muscle wasting

- Lateral Sclerosis = degenerative hardening of lateral corticospinal tracts

77
Q

Name two types of hydrocephalus.

A
  • Noncommunicating (or obstructive) hydrocephalus

- Communicating hydrocephalus

78
Q

Name three categories of spina bifida

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Meningocele
  • Myelomenigocele

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions