Pathoma charts Flashcards
What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma? Where is this most common? What is it derived from?
aflatoxins; most common in Africa; derived from Aspergillus (contaminate stored rice and grains)
What carcinogenic agent is associated with leukemia/lymphoma?
alkylating agents - side effect of chemotherapy
What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus?
alcohol
What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver?
arsenic - present in cigarette smoke
What carcinogenic agent is associated with carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, and pancreas?
polycyclic hydrocarbons from cigarette smoke
What carcinogenic agent is associated with stomach carcinoa (intestinal type)?
nitrosamines found in smoked food (esp Japan)
What carcinogenic agent is associated with urothelial carcinoma of bladder?
naphthylamine derived from cigarette smoke
What carcinogenic agent is associated with angiosarcoma of liver?
vinyl chloride from occupational exposure - PVC for pipes
What carcinogenic agent is associated with lung carcinoma?
nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica from occupational exposure
What carcinogenic agent is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and presents as a neck mass?
EBV
What carcinogenic agent is associated with burkitt lymphoma?
EBV
What carcinogenic agent is associated with CNS lymphoma in AIDS?
EBV
What carcinogenic agent is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and what is Kaposi sarcoma?
HHV-8; kaposi is a tumor of endothelial cells common in transplant recepients, European males, and AIDS patients
What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBV and HCV
What carcinogenic agent is associated with adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
HTLV-1
What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix
High-risk HPV (16,18,31,33)
What carcinogenic agent is associated with AML and CML?
IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)
What carcinogenic agent is associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?
IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)
What carcinogenic agent is associated with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cellc arcinoma, and melanoma of skin?
NONionizing radiation (UVB sunlight most common source)
What results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA? What are they normally excised by?
nonionizing radiation cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) - normally excised by restriction endonuclease
What oncogene is associated with astrocytoma? What is its normal function and mechanism?
PDGFB is overexpressed by astrocytoma cells in an autocrine loop - a platelet-derived growth factor
What oncogene is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas? What is its normal function and mechanism?
ERBB2 (HER2/neu) by amplification - normally an epidermal growth factor and receptor
What oncogene is associated with MEN2A, MEN2B, and sporadic meduallary carcinoma of thyroid? What is its normal function and mechanism?
RET - a point mutation in a neural growth factor receptor - cut out thyroid as treatment
What oncogene is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor? What is its normal function and mechanism?
KIT; a point mutation in a stem cell growth factor receptor
What oncogene is associated with carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma? Normal function and mechanism?
RAS gene family (affected in 80% of human tumors) - a point mutation in a GTP binding protein (signal transducer)
What oncogene is associated with CML and some types of ALL? Normal function and mechanism?
ABL; a tyrosine kinase signal transducer - this defines CML because of the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))
What oncogene is associated with Burkitt lymphoma? Normal function and regulator?
c-MYC nuclear regulator - has a “starry appearance” - when switched, gene is always on
myc is on chrom 8, translocation with 14 (IgH) B cells
What oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma? Normal function and mechanism?
N-myc - amplified transcription factor (nuclear regulator = upregulation of genes required for cell growth)
What oncogene is associated with lung carcinoma (small cell)?
L-myc - amplification of transcription factor nuclear regulatory
What oncogene is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?
CCND1 (cyclin D1) - function: cell cycle regulator = t:11,14 translocation (cyclin D1 on chrom 11 - allows passage from G1->S; chrom 14 has IgH)
What oncogene is associated with melanoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?
CDK4; amplification of cyclin-dependent kinase (cell cycle regulator)
What tissue type does keratin stain?
epithelium
What tissue type does vimentin stain?
mesenchyme
What tissue type does desmin stain?
muscle
What tissue type does GFAP stain?
neuroglia
What tissue type does neurofilament stain?
neurons
What tissue type does PSA stain?
prostatic epithelium
What tissue type does ER stain?
breast epithelium
What tissue type does thyroglobulin?
thyroid follicular cells
What tissue type does chromogranin?
neuroendocrine cells (eg small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors?
What tissue type does S-100?
melanoma, schwannoma, and langerhans cell histiocytosis
