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Goljy Unit 9 > Pathoma charts > Flashcards

Pathoma charts Flashcards

1
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma? Where is this most common? What is it derived from?

A

aflatoxins; most common in Africa; derived from Aspergillus (contaminate stored rice and grains)

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2
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with leukemia/lymphoma?

A

alkylating agents - side effect of chemotherapy

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3
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus?

A

alcohol

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4
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver?

A

arsenic - present in cigarette smoke

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5
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, and pancreas?

A

polycyclic hydrocarbons from cigarette smoke

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6
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with stomach carcinoa (intestinal type)?

A

nitrosamines found in smoked food (esp Japan)

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7
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with urothelial carcinoma of bladder?

A

naphthylamine derived from cigarette smoke

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8
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with angiosarcoma of liver?

A

vinyl chloride from occupational exposure - PVC for pipes

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9
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with lung carcinoma?

A

nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica from occupational exposure

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10
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and presents as a neck mass?

A

EBV

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11
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with burkitt lymphoma?

A

EBV

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12
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with CNS lymphoma in AIDS?

A

EBV

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13
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and what is Kaposi sarcoma?

A

HHV-8; kaposi is a tumor of endothelial cells common in transplant recepients, European males, and AIDS patients

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14
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

HBV and HCV

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15
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

A

HTLV-1

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16
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix

A

High-risk HPV (16,18,31,33)

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17
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with AML and CML?

A

IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)

18
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)

19
Q

What carcinogenic agent is associated with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cellc arcinoma, and melanoma of skin?

A

NONionizing radiation (UVB sunlight most common source)

20
Q

What results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA? What are they normally excised by?

A

nonionizing radiation cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) - normally excised by restriction endonuclease

21
Q

What oncogene is associated with astrocytoma? What is its normal function and mechanism?

A

PDGFB is overexpressed by astrocytoma cells in an autocrine loop - a platelet-derived growth factor

22
Q

What oncogene is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas? What is its normal function and mechanism?

A

ERBB2 (HER2/neu) by amplification - normally an epidermal growth factor and receptor

23
Q

What oncogene is associated with MEN2A, MEN2B, and sporadic meduallary carcinoma of thyroid? What is its normal function and mechanism?

A

RET - a point mutation in a neural growth factor receptor - cut out thyroid as treatment

24
Q

What oncogene is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor? What is its normal function and mechanism?

A

KIT; a point mutation in a stem cell growth factor receptor

25
Q

What oncogene is associated with carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma? Normal function and mechanism?

A

RAS gene family (affected in 80% of human tumors) - a point mutation in a GTP binding protein (signal transducer)

26
Q

What oncogene is associated with CML and some types of ALL? Normal function and mechanism?

A

ABL; a tyrosine kinase signal transducer - this defines CML because of the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))

27
Q

What oncogene is associated with Burkitt lymphoma? Normal function and regulator?

A

c-MYC nuclear regulator - has a “starry appearance” - when switched, gene is always on
myc is on chrom 8, translocation with 14 (IgH) B cells

28
Q

What oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma? Normal function and mechanism?

A

N-myc - amplified transcription factor (nuclear regulator = upregulation of genes required for cell growth)

29
Q

What oncogene is associated with lung carcinoma (small cell)?

A

L-myc - amplification of transcription factor nuclear regulatory

30
Q

What oncogene is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?

A

CCND1 (cyclin D1) - function: cell cycle regulator = t:11,14 translocation (cyclin D1 on chrom 11 - allows passage from G1->S; chrom 14 has IgH)

31
Q

What oncogene is associated with melanoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?

A

CDK4; amplification of cyclin-dependent kinase (cell cycle regulator)

32
Q

What tissue type does keratin stain?

A

epithelium

33
Q

What tissue type does vimentin stain?

A

mesenchyme

34
Q

What tissue type does desmin stain?

A

muscle

35
Q

What tissue type does GFAP stain?

A

neuroglia

36
Q

What tissue type does neurofilament stain?

A

neurons

37
Q

What tissue type does PSA stain?

A

prostatic epithelium

38
Q

What tissue type does ER stain?

A

breast epithelium

39
Q

What tissue type does thyroglobulin?

A

thyroid follicular cells

40
Q

What tissue type does chromogranin?

A

neuroendocrine cells (eg small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors?

41
Q

What tissue type does S-100?

A

melanoma, schwannoma, and langerhans cell histiocytosis

Goljy Unit 9 (5 decks)

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