Goljan 7 Nutrition

Question 1

basal metabolic rate

Answer 1

most impt factor in determining daily energy expenditureincreased in hyperthyroiddecreased in hypothyroid

Question 2

Carb digestion

Answer 2

begins in the mouth4 kcal/g

Question 3

disaccharidases

Answer 3

produce glucos, galactose, fructose

Question 4

amino acids

Answer 4

substrates for gluconeogenesis

Question 5

protein digestion

Answer 5

begins in the stomach, pepsin and acid

Question 6

essential FA’s

Answer 6

linolenic (o-3), linoleic (O-6) acids

Question 7

fat digestion

Answer 7

begins in small intestinepancrease –> bile salts/acids –> intestinal cells

Question 8

kwashiorkor

Answer 8

inadequate protein intakepitting edema is characteristicfatty liver - decreased apoB synthesis; VLDL synthesis

Question 9

marasmus

Answer 9

total calorie deprivationextreme muscle wasting is common

Question 10

anorexia nervosa

Answer 10

distorted body imagesecondary amenorrhea; osteoperosisventricular arrythmia is most common cause of death

Question 11

bulimia volmitin

Answer 11

produces hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

Question 12

obesity

Answer 12

abdominal visceral fat is most importantincreased adipose causes decreased synthesis of insulin receptors

Question 13

leptin

Answer 13

hormone that maintains energy balance (intake and output)leptin gene is often defective in obesity

Question 14

beta carotenemia

Answer 14

yellow skin, white sclera

Question 15

Vitamin A

Answer 15

vision, cell differentiation, growth/reproductionnight blindness is first sign of deficiency

Question 16

vit A in treatment

Answer 16

acne, acute promyelocytic leukemia

Question 17

sunlight

Answer 17

major source of vit Dliver and kidney hydroxylationbone mineralization; maintain serum calcium and phosphorus

Question 18

renal failure

Answer 18

most common cause of vit D deficiency

Question 19

Vit E

Answer 19

cell membrane antioxidant

decreases synthesis of vitamin K- dependant coag factors

Question 20

vit K

Answer 20

K = Klotting
majority synthesized by colonic bacteria
gamma carboxylates II, VII, IX, X - newborns need injection

Question 21

broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 21

Most common cause of vit k def in hospital

Question 22

Thiamine, deficiency

Answer 22

B1 - present in outer shell and seed of grain
important in ATP synthesis
deficiency from alcohol and unenriched rice diet

Question 23

Riboflavin

Answer 23

B2 - FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide) in citric acid cycle

Question 24

Niacin

Answer 24

B3 - NAD and NADP cofactors

Question 25

corn based diets

Answer 25

deficient in tryptophan and niacin

Question 26

tryptophan, deficiency?

Answer 26

used to synthesize niacin - deficiency causes hartnup disease (inborn inability to resorb tryptophan) and carcinoid syndrome (tryptophan used up in synthesis of serotonin)

Question 27

Niacin deficiency

Answer 27

3 ds of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia

Question 28

pyridoxine

Answer 28

B6 - heme synthesis, transamination, neurotransmitters

Question 29

isoniazid therapy

Answer 29

most common cause of pyridoxine deficiency

Question 30

Vit B12

Answer 30

only in animal products | DNA synthesis, odd chain fatty acid synthesis

Question 31

pernicious anemia

Answer 31

most common consequence of vit B12 def

Question 32

folic acid

Answer 32

DNA synthesis

Question 33

goat milk

Answer 33

lacks folate and pyridoxine

Question 34

alcohol excess

Answer 34

most common cause of folate def.

Question 35

biotin deficiency

Answer 35

eating raw eggs

Question 36

ascorbic acid

Answer 36

vit C - C = Collagen | collagen synthesis, antioxidant, reducing agentcofactor conversion dopamine to noepinephrine

Question 37

scurvy

Answer 37

deficiency of ascorbic acid (vit C) - weak tensile strength of collagen = weak bones, hemorrhage, poor wound healing

Question 38

zinc def

Answer 38

poor wound healing, dysgeusia, perioral rash

Question 39

iodide def

Answer 39

multi-nodular goiter

Question 40

chromium

Answer 40

useful in diabetics because cofactor in insulin (facilitates binding of glucose to muscle/adipose)

Question 41

selenium, deficiency causes

Answer 41

antioxidant (deficiency causes muscle pain/weakness, dilated cardiomyopathy)

Question 42

fluoride, deficiency causes

Answer 42

``` component of calciom hydroxyapatite def causes dental carries ```

Question 43

fiber

Answer 43

soluble and insoluble typesdecreased risk for sigmoid diverticulosis, certain cancers, heart disease soluble can lower cholesterol (soften stool)

Question 44

sodium restriction

Answer 44

hypertension, heart failure, chronic liver/kidney disease

Question 45

protein restricted diet

Answer 45

chronic renal failure, cirrhosis

Question 46

Biotin

Answer 46

cofactor in carboxylase reactions (pyruvate --> OAA and propionyl CoA --> methylmalonyl CoA)

Question 47

Wilson's Disease

Answer 47

Copper excess - AR | ring around eye, parkinsonism, dementia, LIVER DISEASE

Question 48

Beriberi and Wernicke

Answer 48

Vitamin B1 deficiency diseases Beriberi: demyelination Wernicke: like you're drunk

Question 49

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 49

Vit: ADKE (adirondacks ADK +E) typically function for growth and development of tissues, neutralization of free radicals, bone mineralization, maintenance of calcium

Question 50

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 50

usually used as cofactors in reactions Pete is a water soluble vitamin

Question 51

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 51

fat malabsorption due to thick and sticky secretions | increased risk of vitamin E deficiency

Question 52

abetalipoproteinemia

Answer 52

chylomicrons accumulate in villi and prevent micelle reabsorption