Pathoma--Chapter 1-High Yield Flashcards
t(15,17)
- causes what disease
- what gene is involved
- what is the treatment
- acute promyelocytic leukemia
- trans-retinoic acid receptor
- disrupts vitamin a receptor–cells are trapped in blast state - tx: ATRA-all transretionic acid
- ability to bind to receptors and allow for maturation of neutrophils
what type of metaplasia does not increase risk of malignancy?
apocrine metaplasia
what is the cell type that lines the esophagus?
squamous epithelium
what cell type is seen in barretts esophagus?
mucinous nonciliated columnar epithelium–able to withstand acidic environment
what are the 3 permanent cell types in the body?
- cardiac myocytes
- skeletal muscle
- nerves
what is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
hypertrophy– increase in cell size
(the 3 permanent cell types in body can only undergo hypertrophy)
hyperplasia–increase in # of cells
what are the two processes that facilitate atrophy of a cell?
- Ubquitin proteasome pathway–proteins (cytoskeleton) are marked and then degraded
- autophagy- vesicular degradation
vitamin A deficiency can result in what three things?
- night blindness
- proper maturation of cells of immune cell
- maintence of squamous epithelium (conjuctiva)
deficiency in vitamin A can cause what to occur in the eyes?
keratomalacia
-vitamin a def–> metaplasia of cells–> thickening of conjuctiva
what is myositis ossificans?
- metaplasia of the mesenchymal cells (connective tissue)
- conversion of skeleton muscle to bone
dysplasia arises 2/2 to
- pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia
ex) endometrial hyperplasia–> dysplasia–>endometrial carcinoma
ex) baretts esopagus
is dysplasia reversible?
YES!!
but if persists–> carcinoma (non-reversible)
what is an example of agenesis?
renal agenesis
what is an example of hypoplasia?
streak ovary in Turners syndrome
what are the enzymes that are critical in activating apoptosis?
caspases
what is the role of bcl2 and cytochrome c in mediating cell death?
- bcl2 stablizes the mitochondrial membrane
2. when bcl2 is lost, cytochrome c is able to leave the mitochondria–> activate caspases–> apoptosis
what cell utilizes the fast-death receptor pathway to mediate cell death?
T cell (CD98)--> negative selection in the thymus -avoid autoimmune activation
how do Tc cells kill other cells?
apoptosis
-recognize, release perforins to make pores in the membrane, granzyme will enter the pores and activate caspases–> apoptosis
where is the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
what is the most damaging free radical?
hydroxyl
during the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts _____ electrons–> H20.
4 electrons
what is produced if oxygen fails to recieve all 4 electrons
O2–> O2–> H2O2–> OH–> H20
production of free radicals (O2, H202, OH)
what two metals can pathologically produce free radicals?
copper & iron
(both are tightly bound when in body)
iron produces free radicals thru the fentin rxn
*hemachromatosis & wilsons disease (excessive iron and copper respectively)–>tissue damage 2/2 to excess of free radicals
how do free radicals lead to dna damage?
oxidation
what enzymes play a role in removing the three different free radicals?
- O2* (superoxide)–> superoxide dismutase
- H202(hydrogen peroxide)–> catalase
- OH* (hydroxyl free radical)–> glutathione peroxidase
what is the free radical that is concerning for people in the dry cleaning industry?
CCl4–> CCl3* radical
- converted in hepatocytes via cytoP450
- lead to reversible hepatic injury (cell swelling–> swelling of RER and popping off of the ribosomes–> decrease in protein synthesis)
- -> reduction in apopliproteins & the fat that is entering the liver to be reconsolidated remains in the liver
- pathologic findings: hepatic steatosis
