Pathoma

Question 1

what are the 3 basic principles of neoplasia?

Answer 1

unregulated, irreversible and monoclonal (all neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell)

Question 2

how can clonality be determined?

Answer 2

• by G6PD isoforms or androgen receptor isoforms…are present on the x chromosome and are x linked

if the ratio of G6PD isoforms remain constant during cellular proliferation, then we determine that the sample is polyclonal and is most likely hyperplasia

if the ratio of G6PD isoforms do not remain constant…ie if in a tumor there is one isoform of G6PD, then it is monoclonal proliferation and is a neoplasm

Question 3

how is clonality of b cells determined?

Answer 3

by Ig light chain phenotype

normal: 3K:1L
infection/hyperplasia: 3K:1L
neoplastic proliferation/lymphoma: massive excess of K…20K:1L

Question 4

nevous

Answer 4

mole - benign

Question 5

what is the benign tumor of a lymhocyte

Answer 5

does not exist…only lymphoma/leukemia which are malignant

Question 6

top 3 causes of deaths in adults and children

Answer 6

adults: cardiovascular disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease
children: accidents, cancer, congenital defects

Question 7

how many divisions occur before the earliest symptoms of cancer? what is the number of divisions associated with?

Answer 7

~30 divisions…as the number of divisions increase, the number of mutations increase

Question 8

goal of screening

Answer 8

catch dysplasia before it becomes carcinoma; detect carcinoma before clinical symptoms arise

Question 9

patients who are exposed to abestos are most likely to get what type of cancer

Answer 9

lung cancer (then mesothelioma)

Question 10

what are the key carcinogens in cigs?

Answer 10

arsenic, poycyclic hydrocarbons, naphthylamine