Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology Jim > Pathology Week 9 E > Flashcards

Pathology Week 9 E Flashcards

1
Q

Define effusion

A

The escape of blood or other bodily fluid into a cavity or tissue

The fluid that has escaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define oedema

A

An effusion of serous fluid into the:

  • tissue spaces (interstitial spaces)
  • body cavities

The presence of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define anasarca:

A

Severe and generalised oedema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define transudate:

A

A collection of fluid that has formed after passing through a membrane, pore or interstice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define exudate

A

Fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries due to injury or inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of local oedema?

A

Inflammatory oedema

Allergic oedema

Venous obstruction

Lymphatic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? At which end of the system is it highest?

A

The pressure of fluid within a capillary

Highest at the arterial end than the venous end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is average capillary hydrostatic pressure in arterial end?

A

35mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is average capillary hydrostatic pressure in the venous end?

A

15mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of higher capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end?

A

It forces fluid into the interstitial space from the capillaries in the arterial end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is capillary osmotic pressure? Where does it tend to draw water?

A

Is the pressure exerted by the flow of water through the capillary wall (i.e. semipermeable membranes)

Occurs between regions with different concentrations of solute.

Tends to draw water into the capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is average capillary osmotic pressure?

A

28mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the only solutes which do not pass freely between the plasma and the interstitium?

A

Proteins in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein? How much of the capillary colloid pressure does it make up?

A

Albumin

21.8mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is interstitial osmotic pressure?

A

A small amount of protein is present in the interstitium. This protein draws water out of the capillary and into the interstitial space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the average interstitial osmotic pressure?

A

8mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

May be positive or negative:

  • When its positive it forces fluid into the capillary
  • When its negative it forces fluid into the interstitium
18
Q

What is the average interstitial hydrostatic pressure in loose connective tissue?

A

3mmHg

19
Q

Define interstitial fluid in terms of comparison to plasma and where it comes from

A

It is derived from capillariesIt has solutes that are similar to plasma except for the protein content

20
Q

What is the lymphatic system and what is its purpose?

A

Is it a system of fine lymphatic channels throughout the body passing via lymph nodes to the thoracic duct.They collect fluid from the interstitial spaces and pass it back to the venous system to be filtered and excreted

21
Q

What are the causes of oedema?

A

Raised capillary hydrostatic pressure (e.g. Na+ retention)

Reduced plasma osmotic pressure (conditions reducing serum albumin)

Endothelial damage (inflammation)

Impaired lymphatic drainage (eg obstruction)

22
Q

What causes capillary hydrostatic pressure? What kind of oedema is it?

A

Cardiac failure:

  • Right ventricle failure (Systemic/generalised oedema)
  • Left ventricle failure (pulmonary oedema)
  • Congestive heart failure (both Rv and Lv)

Local venous obstruction:-DVT

  • External compression
  • Superior vena cava obstruction

Constrictive pericarditis

It is usually a protein poor transudate

23
Q

What causes raised capillary pressure?

A

Excessive loss of albumin (renal failure with albumin lost across glomerulus.

Hepatic disease - inadequate albumin synthesis

Malnutrition - inadequate albumin synthesis

24
Q

Where is albumin made?

A

The liver

25
Q

What is the main cause of increased tissue hydrostatic pressure?What can also cause it?

A

Lymphatic obstruction

Tumours

Neoplasia

Inflammation

  • parasites
  • fibrosis
  • congenital abnormality

Post surgical

Post irradiation

26
Q

What are the types of local oedema?

A

Inflammatory oedema

Allergic oedema

Venous obstruction

Lymphatic obstruction

27
Q

What is inflammatory oedema?

A

Caused by increased capillary permeability and increased hydrostatic pressure as a result of local vasodilation

28
Q

What is allergic oedema?

A

Acute allergic reactions stimulate the release of vasoactive substances that cause increased capillary permeability and arteriolar dilation.

29
Q

What is venous obstruction?

A

Depends on the extent of the collateral circulation

Can be caused by

  • thrombosis
  • increased hydrostatic pressure and

capillary rupture

30
Q

What are the causes of generalised oedema?

A

Decreased oncotic pressure

Increase vascular permeability to proteins

Increased hydrostatic pressure

Obstruction to lymph flow

Inappropriate renal sodium and water retention

31
Q

What causes decreased oncotic pressure?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

Cirrhosis

Malnutrition

32
Q

What causes increased vascular permeability to proteins leading to generalised oedema?

A

Angioneurotic oedema (usually allergic)

33
Q

What causes increased hydrostatic pressure leading to generalised oedema?

A

Congestive heart failure

Cirrhosis

34
Q

What causes an obstruction to lymph flow which can cause generalised oedema?

A

Congestive heart failure

35
Q

What can cause inappropriate renal sodium and water retention?

A

Renal failure

Nephrotic syndrome

36
Q

What are the types of generalised oedema?

A

Cardiac oedema

Oedema of hypoproteinaemia

Renal oedema

Pulmonary oedema

37
Q

Describe the process of congestive heart failure

A

Right ventricular output is reduced

= decreased cardiac output

= decreased renal perfusion

=triggers renin-aldosterone-angiotensin axis

=Na+ and water retention

=OEDEMA

38
Q

How is renal oedema usually caused?

A

Nephrotic syndrome, albumin is lost through the kidneys

39
Q

In pulmonary oedema, what does the oedema often relate to?

A

Often relates to the increase in pulmonary artery pressure and decrease in lymphatic drainage.

40
Q
A

Pathology Jim (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions