Pathology Week 4 E Flashcards
What are 4 unwanted results of acute inflammation?
Excessive swelling
Excessive pain
Excessive tissue damage
Death
What are 4 physical interventions for acute inflammation?
Pressure
Cold application
Hot application
Elevation
When does subacute inflammation start?
Towards the end of acute inflammation
What events characterise subacute inflammation?
Infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
Chronic inflammation aetiology (what causes it?)
Persistent inert material
Persistence of allergens
Low virulence antigens
Auto immunity
What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent inert material?
Gradual destruction of persistent inert material OR
Chronic inflammation
What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent allergens?
Stop exposure to allergen OR Chronic inflammation
What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent agents of low virulence?
Low virulence agent gradually isolated or destroyed OR Chronic inflammation
What are the 2 possible outcomes of an autoimmune trigger?
Auto immune trigger removed OR Chronic inflammation
What are the hallmarks of chronic inflammation?
Dense infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels
Increasing fibroids and tissue destruction
Reduced exudation
What are the functions/ roles of macrophages?
Phagocytosis
Lymphocyte regulation
Inflammatory mediator secretion
How can macrophages be harmful?
They release harmful toxins
They can cause pressure if they accumulate in large numbers
Many macrophages can cause increased healthy tissue damage
What is the role of t lymphocytes?
Secretion of macrophage growth factors
Secretion of migration inhibitory factors ( stop macrophages from moving away to other areas)
Secretion of Chemotactic agents (macrophages and monocytes)
Secrete lymphokines which cause Macrophage and monocyte activation
What are 5 Granuloma inducing factors?
Fungi
TB
Leprosy
Schistosomiasis
Talcum
What is the definition of chronic inflammation?
Inflammation lasting longer than 2-6 weeks
What is a biologically inert substance?
A substance which remains in the tissue and acts as a chronic irritant eg splinter, glass, talcum powder, surgical sutures
What is a biologically persistent agent?
Biologically active agents which stimulate hypersensitivity reactions ie the immune system is chronically stimulated resulting in an ongoing inflammatory response
What is a low virulence agent?
Micro organisms with which the body needs time to develop an adequate immune response.
What do the mediators released by macrophages do?
Stimulate fibroblast function and proliferation
Stimulate endothelial cell production
Are Chemotactic for immune cells
Release toxic substances
What are 4 main outcomes of chronic inflammation?
Disruption of tissue architecture and function
Gradual replacement of normal cells by inflammatory cells
Necrosis of affected and surrounding tissues
Fibrosis
Define granulomatous inflammation?
A tissue response to the presence of material which cannot be digested by macrophages
What are the 5 prominent cell types found in granulomas?
Macrophages: - ingest but cannot digest the noxious agent- lose their motility- differentiate into epithelioid cells
Epithelioid cells
Giant cells
Lymphocytes
Fibroblasts
What may happen if the granuloma is unable to successfully isolate the noxious agent?
Chronic fibrosis
Chronic serous inflammation
Chronic suppurative inflammation
What are some systemic effects of inflammation?
Lymphangitis: inflammation of lymph vessels
Lymphadenitis: inflammation of the lymph nodes
Fever
Leucocytosis
