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Pathology Jim > Pathology Week 4 E > Flashcards

Pathology Week 4 E Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 unwanted results of acute inflammation?

A

Excessive swelling

Excessive pain

Excessive tissue damage

Death

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2
Q

What are 4 physical interventions for acute inflammation?

A

Pressure

Cold application

Hot application

Elevation

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3
Q

When does subacute inflammation start?

A

Towards the end of acute inflammation

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4
Q

What events characterise subacute inflammation?

A

Infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

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5
Q

Chronic inflammation aetiology (what causes it?)

A

Persistent inert material

Persistence of allergens

Low virulence antigens

Auto immunity

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6
Q

What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent inert material?

A

Gradual destruction of persistent inert material OR

Chronic inflammation

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7
Q

What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent allergens?

A

Stop exposure to allergen OR Chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What are the 2 outcomes if we have persistent agents of low virulence?

A

Low virulence agent gradually isolated or destroyed OR Chronic inflammation

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9
Q

What are the 2 possible outcomes of an autoimmune trigger?

A

Auto immune trigger removed OR Chronic inflammation

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10
Q

What are the hallmarks of chronic inflammation?

A

Dense infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels

Increasing fibroids and tissue destruction

Reduced exudation

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11
Q

What are the functions/ roles of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

Lymphocyte regulation

Inflammatory mediator secretion

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12
Q

How can macrophages be harmful?

A

They release harmful toxins

They can cause pressure if they accumulate in large numbers

Many macrophages can cause increased healthy tissue damage

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13
Q

What is the role of t lymphocytes?

A

Secretion of macrophage growth factors

Secretion of migration inhibitory factors ( stop macrophages from moving away to other areas)

Secretion of Chemotactic agents (macrophages and monocytes)

Secrete lymphokines which cause Macrophage and monocyte activation

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14
Q

What are 5 Granuloma inducing factors?

A

Fungi

TB

Leprosy

Schistosomiasis

Talcum

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15
Q

What is the definition of chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation lasting longer than 2-6 weeks

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16
Q

What is a biologically inert substance?

A

A substance which remains in the tissue and acts as a chronic irritant eg splinter, glass, talcum powder, surgical sutures

17
Q

What is a biologically persistent agent?

A

Biologically active agents which stimulate hypersensitivity reactions ie the immune system is chronically stimulated resulting in an ongoing inflammatory response

18
Q

What is a low virulence agent?

A

Micro organisms with which the body needs time to develop an adequate immune response.

19
Q

What do the mediators released by macrophages do?

A

Stimulate fibroblast function and proliferation

Stimulate endothelial cell production

Are Chemotactic for immune cells

Release toxic substances

20
Q

What are 4 main outcomes of chronic inflammation?

A

Disruption of tissue architecture and function

Gradual replacement of normal cells by inflammatory cells

Necrosis of affected and surrounding tissues

Fibrosis

21
Q

Define granulomatous inflammation?

A

A tissue response to the presence of material which cannot be digested by macrophages

22
Q

What are the 5 prominent cell types found in granulomas?

A

Macrophages: - ingest but cannot digest the noxious agent- lose their motility- differentiate into epithelioid cells

Epithelioid cells

Giant cells

Lymphocytes

Fibroblasts

23
Q

What may happen if the granuloma is unable to successfully isolate the noxious agent?

A

Chronic fibrosis

Chronic serous inflammation

Chronic suppurative inflammation

24
Q

What are some systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Lymphangitis: inflammation of lymph vessels

Lymphadenitis: inflammation of the lymph nodes

Fever

Leucocytosis

25
Q
A

Pathology Jim (6 decks)

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