Pathology Week 2 cell injury and cell death

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

impairment of the normal state of the living body that modifys or disrupts vital functions, has distinguishing signs and symptions and is a response to compinations of factors

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

ability of organism/cell to seek and maintain conditon of equilibrium and stability within its internal environment even with external changes

Question 3

morbidity

Answer 3

diseasde state or symptom

Question 4

mortality

Answer 4

the state or condtion of being subject to deathd

Question 5

iatrogenic

Answer 5

doctor caused disease

Question 6

idiopathic

Answer 6

disease or conditon whos cause is unknow or arrives spontandously

Question 7

symptoms

Answer 7

Subjective - what the patient says they are experiencing

Question 8

signs

Answer 8

objective - what the Dr can see is experiencing

Question 9

illness

Answer 9

unhealthy condition of body or mind

Question 10

etiology

Answer 10

cause of dieases, geneitc or acquired

Question 11

pathogenesis

Answer 11

temopral sequence and patterns of cellular injury that lead to disease

Question 12

morphology

Answer 12

gross and microscopic changes of diseased tissue

Question 13

functional derangments

Answer 13

morphologic changes , cellular adaptations

Question 14

syndrome

Answer 14

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition

Question 15

clinical signifigance

Answer 15

signs and symptioms, disease course, prognosis

Question 16

Eosin

Answer 16

stain - turn cytopasm, RBC and collagen pink or red

Question 17

Hematoxylin

Answer 17

Stain - turns nuclei, bacteria and other stuff blue

Question 18

Congo red stain

Answer 18

Stains amyloid pink to red but after shining polarized light on it it turns apple green.

Question 19

amyloid

Answer 19

proteins

Question 20

two types of cell death

Answer 20

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 21

What is the clean type of cell death?

Answer 21

apoptosis - its programed cell death

Question 22

What is the most common cause of cell injury?

Answer 22

Hypoxia

Question 23

How do infections cause injury?

Answer 23

direct infection, toxins, host inflammatory responses

Question 24

Two types of immunologic reactions?

Answer 24

Hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diesases

Question 25

What is a congenital disorder?

Answer 25

inborn error of metabolism and genetic disorders

Question 26

name 4 non physical causes of cell injury

Answer 26

Hypoxia, infection, congenital disorder, immunologic reactions.

Question 27

What is cloudy swelling of cell?

Answer 27

intracellular proteins accumulate in serum with cellular degeneration, can lead to irreversible damage

Question 28

What accumulates in cloudy sweling of liver degeneration?

Answer 28

AST, ALT, ferritin, AP and GGT

Question 29

Wat accumulates in cloudy swelling of heart muscle degeneration?

Answer 29

CK-MB, LDH and Troponin T

Question 30

Name 5 physica forms of cell injury.

Answer 30

trauma, burns, frostbite, radiation, pressure changes

Question 31

Name 3 nutritional or vitamin imbalance/defidiency causes of cellular injury.

Answer 31

Marasmus and kwashiorkor and anorexia

Question 32

What is marasmus?

Answer 32

decrease in total caloric intake - skeleton

Question 33

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 33

decrease in total protein intake - stomach edema

Question 34

Excessive caloric intake causes of cellular injury

Answer 34

obesity, atherosclerosis

Question 35

Vit A defidiency causes?

Answer 35

squamous metaplasia, immune defiency, night blindness

Question 36

Vit C

Answer 36

scurvy

Question 37

Vit D

Answer 37

rickets and osteomalacia

Question 38

Vit K

Answer 38

bleeding and diathesis

Question 39

Vit B12

Answer 39

megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, spinal cord degeneration

Question 40

Folate

Answer 40

megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects

Question 41

niacin

Answer 41

ellagra - ddd diarrhea, dermatitis dementia and death

Question 42

Stages if cellular responses to injury

Answer 42

Adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury and cell death

Question 43

when would cloudy swelling appear?

Answer 43

when cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis

Question 44

what does decreased ATP and Na pump activity lead too?

Answer 44

Na and water accumulation intracellulary, leading to isomotic gain of water

Question 45

What does cell response to injury depend on, 6 things

Answer 45

type, duration, pattern, severity, intensity of injury, type of cell, metabolic state, and cells ability to adapt.

Question 46

what parts of cell are suceptible to injury?

Answer 46

DNA, ATP production, dell membranes, protein synthesis.

Question 47

comorbidity

Answer 47

simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

Question 48

self limiting diesease

Answer 48

diesase process that resolves spontaneously with or without specific treatment.

Question 49

list five thing to get improve health

Answer 49

remove obstacles to health, stimulate vis, strenghten weakened symptoms, correct structural integrity, use natural substances to restore and regenerate

Question 50

Prussian blue

Answer 50

iron

Question 51

congo red stain

Answer 51

amyloid

Question 52

gram stain

Answer 52

bacteria

Question 53

trichrome

Answer 53

cells and ct

Question 54

What are the two most common causes of ischemia?

Answer 54

cardiopulmonary failure and anemia, decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Question 55

What mechanisms can cause cell injury?

Answer 55

Oxygen derived free radicals

Question 56

What do ROS do to cells?

Answer 56

damage DNA, membranes, proteins, lipids

Question 57

what can make mitochondria highly permeable?

Answer 57

disfunction that causes decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in ATP

Question 58

What is bad about permeable mitochondria?

Answer 58

Cytocrome C is releases that is a trigger for apoptosis

Question 59

Upon cell damage, mitochondria and ER release Calcium, why is this bad?

Answer 59

actavates protein kinases, phospholipases, endonucleases and proteases that cause further damage

Question 60

what does and endonuclease do?

Answer 60

cause DNA damage

Question 61

What tells you whether a cell has died?

Answer 61

the nuclei

Question 62

What are the three nuclear changes that are irreversable?

Answer 62

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

Question 63

Pyknosis

Answer 63

degeneration and condensation of nuclear chromatin

Question 64

karyorrhexis

Answer 64

nucleus breaks into fragments

Question 65

karyolysis

Answer 65

the nucleus fragmens dissolve, the cell Is dead

Question 66

What is the most common form of necrosis?

Answer 66

coagulative necrosis

Question 67

where is coagulative necrosis common?

Answer 67

liver, heart, kidney

Question 68

what is coagulative necrosis

Answer 68

denaturing and coagulation of proteins in cytoplasm

Question 69

what causes liquefaction necrosis?

Answer 69

Autolysis of proteolytic enzymes, cell destruction via hydrolytic enzymes

Question 70

where is liquefaction necrosis found?

Answer 70

brain infarcts, pancreatic necrosis

Question 71

caseous necrosis is a combination of what?

Answer 71

Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulation and liquifaction necrosis

Question 72

what does caseous necrosis look like?

Answer 72

cottage cheese like, soft, friable

Question 73

in what diseases would you find caseous necrosis?

Answer 73

granulomatous diseases like TB

Question 74

what causes Fat necrosis?

Answer 74

lipases that are acting on adipocytes

Question 75

What does fat necrosis look like?

Answer 75

chalky white

Question 76

Fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 76

Necrotic connective tissue that resembles fibrin and has an eosinophilic pattern in pink

Question 77

what often causes fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 77

acute immunologic injury like a hypesensitivity reaction

Question 78

What is a general term for dead tissue?

Answer 78

gangrenous necrosis

Question 79

Three types of gangrene?

Answer 79

Wet , Dry and Gas

Question 80

What gangrenes micro appearance is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 80

Dry gangrene

Question 81

What gangrene is causes by a bacteria?

Answer 81

Gas gangrene is specific to clostridium perfringens

Question 82

What is the appearance of Wet gangrene?

Answer 82

liquefactive necrosis

Question 83

What is the cell death type that does not have inflammatory response?

Answer 83

apoptosis - its programed cell death

Question 84

what regulates apoptosis?

Answer 84

genes, and it ususally only affects single cells

Question 85

Importain about apoptosis?

Answer 85

programed, genes, blebing, no inflammation

Question 86

what type of cell death is essential for cancer cures?

Answer 86

apoptosis - its programed cell death

Question 87

what would stimulate apoptosis?

Answer 87

cell and DNA damage, signal, FAS binding, TNF to TNFR1

Question 88

two genes that regulate apoptosis

Answer 88

bcl-2 inhibitory, P-53 stimulatory

Question 89

How does bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis

Answer 89

by preventing cytocrome from mitochondria

Question 90

How does p-53 stimulate cell death?

Answer 90

it gets elevated by DNA injury and arrests the cell cycle

Question 91

What gene arrests the cell cycle?

Answer 91

p-53

Question 92

to paths to apoptosis

Answer 92

intrinsis - mitochondrial and extrinsic- receptor mediated with FAS and TNF

Question 93

What is physiologic apoptosis?

Answer 93

embryonic development, separating of fingers

Question 94

Pathologic apoptosis?

Answer 94

viral disease, graft vs host

Question 95

When apoptosis begins what cascade mediates it?

Answer 95

Cascate of caspases that digest nuclear and other proteins

Question 96

What can make you suceptibel to apoptosis

Answer 96

everything from emotional states to air, water, sleep, exercise rest