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pathology > Pathology Week 2 cell injury and cell death > Flashcards

Pathology Week 2 cell injury and cell death Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

impairment of the normal state of the living body that modifys or disrupts vital functions, has distinguishing signs and symptions and is a response to compinations of factors

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

ability of organism/cell to seek and maintain conditon of equilibrium and stability within its internal environment even with external changes

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3
Q

morbidity

A

diseasde state or symptom

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4
Q

mortality

A

the state or condtion of being subject to deathd

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5
Q

iatrogenic

A

doctor caused disease

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6
Q

idiopathic

A

disease or conditon whos cause is unknow or arrives spontandously

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7
Q

symptoms

A

Subjective - what the patient says they are experiencing

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8
Q

signs

A

objective - what the Dr can see is experiencing

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9
Q

illness

A

unhealthy condition of body or mind

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10
Q

etiology

A

cause of dieases, geneitc or acquired

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11
Q

pathogenesis

A

temopral sequence and patterns of cellular injury that lead to disease

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12
Q

morphology

A

gross and microscopic changes of diseased tissue

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13
Q

functional derangments

A

morphologic changes , cellular adaptations

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14
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition

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15
Q

clinical signifigance

A

signs and symptioms, disease course, prognosis

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16
Q

Eosin

A

stain - turn cytopasm, RBC and collagen pink or red

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17
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Stain - turns nuclei, bacteria and other stuff blue

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18
Q

Congo red stain

A

Stains amyloid pink to red but after shining polarized light on it it turns apple green.

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19
Q

amyloid

A

proteins

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20
Q

two types of cell death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

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21
Q

What is the clean type of cell death?

A

apoptosis - its programed cell death

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of cell injury?

A

Hypoxia

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23
Q

How do infections cause injury?

A

direct infection, toxins, host inflammatory responses

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24
Q

Two types of immunologic reactions?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diesases

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25
Q

What is a congenital disorder?

A

inborn error of metabolism and genetic disorders

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26
Q

name 4 non physical causes of cell injury

A

Hypoxia, infection, congenital disorder, immunologic reactions.

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27
Q

What is cloudy swelling of cell?

A

intracellular proteins accumulate in serum with cellular degeneration, can lead to irreversible damage

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28
Q

What accumulates in cloudy sweling of liver degeneration?

A

AST, ALT, ferritin, AP and GGT

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29
Q

Wat accumulates in cloudy swelling of heart muscle degeneration?

A

CK-MB, LDH and Troponin T

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30
Q

Name 5 physica forms of cell injury.

A

trauma, burns, frostbite, radiation, pressure changes

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31
Q

Name 3 nutritional or vitamin imbalance/defidiency causes of cellular injury.

A

Marasmus and kwashiorkor and anorexia

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32
Q

What is marasmus?

A

decrease in total caloric intake - skeleton

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33
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

decrease in total protein intake - stomach edema

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34
Q

Excessive caloric intake causes of cellular injury

A

obesity, atherosclerosis

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35
Q

Vit A defidiency causes?

A

squamous metaplasia, immune defiency, night blindness

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36
Q

Vit C

A

scurvy

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37
Q

Vit D

A

rickets and osteomalacia

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38
Q

Vit K

A

bleeding and diathesis

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39
Q

Vit B12

A

megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, spinal cord degeneration

40
Q

Folate

A

megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects

41
Q

niacin

A

ellagra - ddd diarrhea, dermatitis dementia and death

42
Q

Stages if cellular responses to injury

A

Adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury and cell death

43
Q

when would cloudy swelling appear?

A

when cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis

44
Q

what does decreased ATP and Na pump activity lead too?

A

Na and water accumulation intracellulary, leading to isomotic gain of water

45
Q

What does cell response to injury depend on, 6 things

A

type, duration, pattern, severity, intensity of injury, type of cell, metabolic state, and cells ability to adapt.

46
Q

what parts of cell are suceptible to injury?

A

DNA, ATP production, dell membranes, protein synthesis.

47
Q

comorbidity

A

simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

48
Q

self limiting diesease

A

diesase process that resolves spontaneously with or without specific treatment.

49
Q

list five thing to get improve health

A

remove obstacles to health, stimulate vis, strenghten weakened symptoms, correct structural integrity, use natural substances to restore and regenerate

50
Q

Prussian blue

A

iron

51
Q

congo red stain

A

amyloid

52
Q

gram stain

A

bacteria

53
Q

trichrome

A

cells and ct

54
Q

What are the two most common causes of ischemia?

A

cardiopulmonary failure and anemia, decreased oxygen carrying capacity

55
Q

What mechanisms can cause cell injury?

A

Oxygen derived free radicals

56
Q

What do ROS do to cells?

A

damage DNA, membranes, proteins, lipids

57
Q

what can make mitochondria highly permeable?

A

disfunction that causes decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in ATP

58
Q

What is bad about permeable mitochondria?

A

Cytocrome C is releases that is a trigger for apoptosis

59
Q

Upon cell damage, mitochondria and ER release Calcium, why is this bad?

A

actavates protein kinases, phospholipases, endonucleases and proteases that cause further damage

60
Q

what does and endonuclease do?

A

cause DNA damage

61
Q

What tells you whether a cell has died?

A

the nuclei

62
Q

What are the three nuclear changes that are irreversable?

A

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

63
Q

Pyknosis

A

degeneration and condensation of nuclear chromatin

64
Q

karyorrhexis

A

nucleus breaks into fragments

65
Q

karyolysis

A

the nucleus fragmens dissolve, the cell Is dead

66
Q

What is the most common form of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

67
Q

where is coagulative necrosis common?

A

liver, heart, kidney

68
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

denaturing and coagulation of proteins in cytoplasm

69
Q

what causes liquefaction necrosis?

A

Autolysis of proteolytic enzymes, cell destruction via hydrolytic enzymes

70
Q

where is liquefaction necrosis found?

A

brain infarcts, pancreatic necrosis

71
Q

caseous necrosis is a combination of what?

A

Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulation and liquifaction necrosis

72
Q

what does caseous necrosis look like?

A

cottage cheese like, soft, friable

73
Q

in what diseases would you find caseous necrosis?

A

granulomatous diseases like TB

74
Q

what causes Fat necrosis?

A

lipases that are acting on adipocytes

75
Q

What does fat necrosis look like?

A

chalky white

76
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Necrotic connective tissue that resembles fibrin and has an eosinophilic pattern in pink

77
Q

what often causes fibrinoid necrosis?

A

acute immunologic injury like a hypesensitivity reaction

78
Q

What is a general term for dead tissue?

A

gangrenous necrosis

79
Q

Three types of gangrene?

A

Wet , Dry and Gas

80
Q

What gangrenes micro appearance is coagulative necrosis?

A

Dry gangrene

81
Q

What gangrene is causes by a bacteria?

A

Gas gangrene is specific to clostridium perfringens

82
Q

What is the appearance of Wet gangrene?

A

liquefactive necrosis

83
Q

What is the cell death type that does not have inflammatory response?

A

apoptosis - its programed cell death

84
Q

what regulates apoptosis?

A

genes, and it ususally only affects single cells

85
Q

Importain about apoptosis?

A

programed, genes, blebing, no inflammation

86
Q

what type of cell death is essential for cancer cures?

A

apoptosis - its programed cell death

87
Q

what would stimulate apoptosis?

A

cell and DNA damage, signal, FAS binding, TNF to TNFR1

88
Q

two genes that regulate apoptosis

A

bcl-2 inhibitory, P-53 stimulatory

89
Q

How does bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis

A

by preventing cytocrome from mitochondria

90
Q

How does p-53 stimulate cell death?

A

it gets elevated by DNA injury and arrests the cell cycle

91
Q

What gene arrests the cell cycle?

A

p-53

92
Q

to paths to apoptosis

A

intrinsis - mitochondrial and extrinsic- receptor mediated with FAS and TNF

93
Q

What is physiologic apoptosis?

A

embryonic development, separating of fingers

94
Q

Pathologic apoptosis?

A

viral disease, graft vs host

95
Q

When apoptosis begins what cascade mediates it?

A

Cascate of caspases that digest nuclear and other proteins

96
Q

What can make you suceptibel to apoptosis

A

everything from emotional states to air, water, sleep, exercise rest

pathology (7 decks)

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