Pathology Week 2 cell injury and cell death Flashcards
Disease
impairment of the normal state of the living body that modifys or disrupts vital functions, has distinguishing signs and symptions and is a response to compinations of factors
homeostasis
ability of organism/cell to seek and maintain conditon of equilibrium and stability within its internal environment even with external changes
morbidity
diseasde state or symptom
mortality
the state or condtion of being subject to deathd
iatrogenic
doctor caused disease
idiopathic
disease or conditon whos cause is unknow or arrives spontandously
symptoms
Subjective - what the patient says they are experiencing
signs
objective - what the Dr can see is experiencing
illness
unhealthy condition of body or mind
etiology
cause of dieases, geneitc or acquired
pathogenesis
temopral sequence and patterns of cellular injury that lead to disease
morphology
gross and microscopic changes of diseased tissue
functional derangments
morphologic changes , cellular adaptations
syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition
clinical signifigance
signs and symptioms, disease course, prognosis
Eosin
stain - turn cytopasm, RBC and collagen pink or red
Hematoxylin
Stain - turns nuclei, bacteria and other stuff blue
Congo red stain
Stains amyloid pink to red but after shining polarized light on it it turns apple green.
amyloid
proteins
two types of cell death
necrosis and apoptosis
What is the clean type of cell death?
apoptosis - its programed cell death
What is the most common cause of cell injury?
Hypoxia
How do infections cause injury?
direct infection, toxins, host inflammatory responses
Two types of immunologic reactions?
Hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diesases
What is a congenital disorder?
inborn error of metabolism and genetic disorders
name 4 non physical causes of cell injury
Hypoxia, infection, congenital disorder, immunologic reactions.
What is cloudy swelling of cell?
intracellular proteins accumulate in serum with cellular degeneration, can lead to irreversible damage
What accumulates in cloudy sweling of liver degeneration?
AST, ALT, ferritin, AP and GGT
Wat accumulates in cloudy swelling of heart muscle degeneration?
CK-MB, LDH and Troponin T
Name 5 physica forms of cell injury.
trauma, burns, frostbite, radiation, pressure changes
Name 3 nutritional or vitamin imbalance/defidiency causes of cellular injury.
Marasmus and kwashiorkor and anorexia
What is marasmus?
decrease in total caloric intake - skeleton
What is kwashiorkor?
decrease in total protein intake - stomach edema
Excessive caloric intake causes of cellular injury
obesity, atherosclerosis
Vit A defidiency causes?
squamous metaplasia, immune defiency, night blindness
Vit C
scurvy
Vit D
rickets and osteomalacia
Vit K
bleeding and diathesis
Vit B12
megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, spinal cord degeneration
Folate
megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects
niacin
ellagra - ddd diarrhea, dermatitis dementia and death
Stages if cellular responses to injury
Adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury and cell death
when would cloudy swelling appear?
when cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis
what does decreased ATP and Na pump activity lead too?
Na and water accumulation intracellulary, leading to isomotic gain of water
What does cell response to injury depend on, 6 things
type, duration, pattern, severity, intensity of injury, type of cell, metabolic state, and cells ability to adapt.
what parts of cell are suceptible to injury?
DNA, ATP production, dell membranes, protein synthesis.
comorbidity
simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient
self limiting diesease
diesase process that resolves spontaneously with or without specific treatment.
list five thing to get improve health
remove obstacles to health, stimulate vis, strenghten weakened symptoms, correct structural integrity, use natural substances to restore and regenerate
Prussian blue
iron
congo red stain
amyloid
gram stain
bacteria
trichrome
cells and ct
What are the two most common causes of ischemia?
cardiopulmonary failure and anemia, decreased oxygen carrying capacity
What mechanisms can cause cell injury?
Oxygen derived free radicals
What do ROS do to cells?
damage DNA, membranes, proteins, lipids
what can make mitochondria highly permeable?
disfunction that causes decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in ATP
What is bad about permeable mitochondria?
Cytocrome C is releases that is a trigger for apoptosis
Upon cell damage, mitochondria and ER release Calcium, why is this bad?
actavates protein kinases, phospholipases, endonucleases and proteases that cause further damage
what does and endonuclease do?
cause DNA damage
What tells you whether a cell has died?
the nuclei
What are the three nuclear changes that are irreversable?
pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Pyknosis
degeneration and condensation of nuclear chromatin
karyorrhexis
nucleus breaks into fragments
karyolysis
the nucleus fragmens dissolve, the cell Is dead
What is the most common form of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
where is coagulative necrosis common?
liver, heart, kidney
what is coagulative necrosis
denaturing and coagulation of proteins in cytoplasm
what causes liquefaction necrosis?
Autolysis of proteolytic enzymes, cell destruction via hydrolytic enzymes
where is liquefaction necrosis found?
brain infarcts, pancreatic necrosis
caseous necrosis is a combination of what?
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulation and liquifaction necrosis
what does caseous necrosis look like?
cottage cheese like, soft, friable
in what diseases would you find caseous necrosis?
granulomatous diseases like TB
what causes Fat necrosis?
lipases that are acting on adipocytes
What does fat necrosis look like?
chalky white
Fibrinoid necrosis?
Necrotic connective tissue that resembles fibrin and has an eosinophilic pattern in pink
what often causes fibrinoid necrosis?
acute immunologic injury like a hypesensitivity reaction
What is a general term for dead tissue?
gangrenous necrosis
Three types of gangrene?
Wet , Dry and Gas
What gangrenes micro appearance is coagulative necrosis?
Dry gangrene
What gangrene is causes by a bacteria?
Gas gangrene is specific to clostridium perfringens
What is the appearance of Wet gangrene?
liquefactive necrosis
What is the cell death type that does not have inflammatory response?
apoptosis - its programed cell death
what regulates apoptosis?
genes, and it ususally only affects single cells
Importain about apoptosis?
programed, genes, blebing, no inflammation
what type of cell death is essential for cancer cures?
apoptosis - its programed cell death
what would stimulate apoptosis?
cell and DNA damage, signal, FAS binding, TNF to TNFR1
two genes that regulate apoptosis
bcl-2 inhibitory, P-53 stimulatory
How does bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis
by preventing cytocrome from mitochondria
How does p-53 stimulate cell death?
it gets elevated by DNA injury and arrests the cell cycle
What gene arrests the cell cycle?
p-53
to paths to apoptosis
intrinsis - mitochondrial and extrinsic- receptor mediated with FAS and TNF
What is physiologic apoptosis?
embryonic development, separating of fingers
Pathologic apoptosis?
viral disease, graft vs host
When apoptosis begins what cascade mediates it?
Cascate of caspases that digest nuclear and other proteins
What can make you suceptibel to apoptosis
everything from emotional states to air, water, sleep, exercise rest
