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pathology > cancer final > Flashcards

cancer final Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mitotic body?

A

they are the dividing cells in a tissue

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2
Q

what do mitotic bodies tell you about cancer?

A

if there are more mitotic bodies than their should be for specific tissue then you would know tissue was dividing more rapidly and suspect cancer

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3
Q

where do sarcomas arise

A

muscles and connective tissue

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4
Q

how do sarcomas spread

A

blood stream

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5
Q

where do carcinomas arise?

A

epithelium

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6
Q

how do carcinomas spread?

A

lymphatic system

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7
Q

what is an adenocarcinoma?

A

glandular cancer

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8
Q

what cells are most sensitive to ionizing radiation?

A

cells in mitosis or the G2 phase, the are replicating their genome

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9
Q

does oma mean the cancer or not?

A

OMA means swelling or tumor, it doesn’t indicate cancer one way or the other.

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10
Q

Ames test

A

detects mutagenic effect on DNA, doesn’t show epigenetic changes

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11
Q

what cancer kills most males?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

what cancer kills most females?

A

cervical cancer

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13
Q

when does cancer peak in first world?

A

80-84 years

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14
Q

MEN I

A

pitutary adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia and pancreatic tumors.

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15
Q

MEN II

A

parathyroid hyperplasia, phenochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma.

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16
Q

MEN IIB

A

mucosal neuromas, marfinaoid body habitis, pheochromocytoma, meullary thyroid carcinoma,

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17
Q

what does MEN stand for?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia, a familiar cancer syndrome

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18
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome

A

may serve as signal for neoplastic diagnosis, when neoplasm is causing a change but its something that isn’t directly related to tumor growth, like suddenly you are super tired all the time, it may be hormonal

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19
Q

preneoplastic disorders

A

Acquired (hep B) - increase liklyhood of reaching a cancerous stage and corelate directly with cancer, HepB,

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20
Q

direct acting Initiatior is what?

A

direct acting chemical carcinogens that modify DNA to cause cancer,

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21
Q

Indirect initiatior is what?

A

chemical carcinogen gets altered by our body to become an active carcinogen

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22
Q

genotoxic mechanisms

A

employ DNA damage, chromosomal misentegration

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23
Q

non-genotoxic mechanisnm

A

Employ chronic irrication, cell death ROS , epigenetic to cause problems.

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24
Q

what does a person look for to find promoter region?

A

Promoter region alterations, these alterations have been found in all cancers that have been studies.

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25
Q

what type of solar radiation is most carcinogenic?

A

UVB

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26
Q

how does UVB cause cancer

A

produces dyrimidine dimers in DNA leading to transcritional errors and mutations of proto-oncogenes and tumor supressor genes.

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27
Q

what type of radaions used in hospital

A

ioniing ratiation

28
Q

what is neutron radiation not used?

A

because governments have outlawed it because they don’t want it used against them.

29
Q

what are the three activities are protoonca genes involved in?

A

growth, cellular differentiation, gene regulation

30
Q

gain of function

A

oncogenes, one hit process, create more active protein to stimulate cell cycle

31
Q

loss of function

A

tumor supressors, two hit process, creates no active proteins , inhibits cell cycle

32
Q

how do viruses cause cancer or tumors

A

by carrying in oncogenes or by incerting into a tumor supressor gene and breaking it.

33
Q

why may two of the same cancers at same stage in two people progress different?

A

because at each cell divisions, mutations make each cancer different. They may have starteted the same but will continue to be even more different. So one may be hormone sensitive but the other wont

34
Q

7 thing to make tumor be malignant

A

self sufficent, insufficient inhibitory signals, evade apoptosis, limitless replication, sustained angiogensis, ability to invade, and defects in DNA repair

35
Q

what is the guardian of the genome?

A

P53

36
Q

where does P53 work?

A

prevents cell with damaged DNA from entering the S phase.

37
Q

Li-fraumeni syndrome?

A

germ line rotation of p53, it increases rates of tumors, childhood sarcomas leukemia, breast cancer

38
Q

what two genes regulate apoptosis?

A

P53 promotes apoptosis and BCL-2 inhibits apoptosis

39
Q

what is the limit of fine needle aspiration?

A

Does grading (histology) well, it cant determine staging (size, metastisist)it will show that there are cell changes but cant tell if its moved, can’t determine stage

40
Q

what is an abnormal vein growth

A

non fractal growth pattern, it looks evil and twisted.

41
Q

name two nonoclonal antibodies?

A

CA-125 and CA 19-9

42
Q

CA-125 non clonal antibody for what?

A

ovarian cancer

43
Q

CA-19-9 non clonal antibody for what

A

pancreatic cancer

44
Q

BRCA -1

A

brest cancer

45
Q

tumor grading

A

more histological and not prognosis indicatior

46
Q

tumor staging

A

T is size, N is lympnode spread, M is mestatic.

47
Q

TNM is what?

A

degree of size, lymNode and metastasis, indicator of prognosis

48
Q

grade 4 cancer means?

A

glands are fuses, no intervening stroma

49
Q

Stage 4 cancer means

A

metastasis - spreading, poor prognosis

50
Q

Genetic instability in tumor supression

A

malignant cells are more prone to mutate and accumulate additional defects without dying.

51
Q

what does genetic instability mean for cancer reoccurance

A

there was a selective growth advantage for the new cancer, so will more resistance to treatment etc.

52
Q

seeding

A

spread within the same cavity/chamber

53
Q

transplantation

A

no clean margins, surgical insision could spread by indroducing cell toblood

54
Q

sister mary joseph

A

discovered periumbical nodes correlated to pancreatic cancer

55
Q

what three cancers like to move to brain

A

skin, breast and lung

56
Q

what threee cancers like to move to bone

A

breast lung and prostate then kidney and thyroid

57
Q

what causes osteoblastic lesions

A

prostate cancer - builds bumps on bone

58
Q

What causes osteolytic lesions

A

renal and breast cancers - thins out bone

59
Q

how could you test for metastasis to spine?

A

tuning fork

60
Q

Induction treatment

A

only treatment, used for advanced disease or when no other treatment exhists

61
Q

Neoadjuvant

A

chemo first, followed by another treatment

62
Q

adjuvant

A

combination with other modality, given after other treatments are used.

63
Q

salvage

A

hail mary, for those that fail to respond to initial chemo

64
Q

what tumors are more sensitive to XRT (radiosensitive)

A

seminomas and lymphomas - because their cells have high turnover

65
Q

what tumor cells are radio resistane

A

epithelial and carcomas, because they have a lower cell turnover

66
Q

NCCN?

A

national comprehensive cancer network, shows staging and therapies for it.

pathology (7 decks)

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