Pathology - Unit 7 - Inflammation

Question 1

What is Tonsillitis?

Answer 1

• Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils which can be caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat, the streptococci.
  o Its a frequent accompaniment of inflammation in other parts of the upper respiratory tract.

Question 2

What is Lymphangitis?

Answer 2

• Lymphangitis is the inflammation of one or more of the lymph vessels, resulting from an acute streptococcal infection of one of the extremities.
  o Characterized by fine red streaks extending from the infected area to the axilla or groin.
  o Is accompanied by fever, chills, headaches, and myalgia (diffuse muscle pain).
  o May spread to the blood stream.

Question 3

What is Splenomegaly?

Answer 3

Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen; can be acute or chronic.

Question 4

What is Acute Splenomegaly?

Answer 4

o Acute Splenomegaly is the sudden onset of an enlarged spleen which usually occurs in people with Endocarditis, malaria, typhoid fever, septicemia.

Question 5

What is Chronic Splenomegaly?

Answer 5

o Chronic Splenomegaly is an enlarged spleen which may be caused by passive congestion, chronic malaria, portal hypertension, alcoholism, Leukemia, or hemolytic anemia.
o The normal spleen weighs 140-170 grams, splenomegaly does not begin to become palpable until it has doubled its weight.

Question 6

What is Lymphedema?

Answer 6

Lymphedema is characterized by the accumulation of lymph in soft tissues and the resultant swelling caused by inflammation, obstruction or removal of lymph channels or nodes.

o Can be either a primary or secondary condition

Question 7

What is a Lymphadenopathy?

Answer 7

• Lymphadenopathy
  o the swelling of lymph nodes.
  o Can occur in just one area of the body, such as the neck, or it may be generalized, with lymph node enlargement in several areas.
  o Cervical (those in the neck) lymph nodes are the most common site.

Question 8

What is Lymphoma?

Answer 8

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
- It can be applied to an entire spectrum of malignant diseases involving lymphocytes.
There is NO need to preface this term with “malignant” as ALL lymphomas are malignant.

Question 9

What are the two types of Lymphoma?

Answer 9

There are two types of lymphomas:

o HODGKIN’S DISEASE

o Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Question 10

What is Hodgkin disease/ Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 10

• Hodgkin disease is a blood cancer that starts in the lymphatic system.
• A malignant disorder characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue.
• First evident in the cervical lymph nodes, splenomegaly and presence of the Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large atypical macrophages.

-Symptoms Include: anorexia, leukocytosis, weight loss, generalize pruritus (itching), low grade fever, anemia, night sweats.

Question 11

What is Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

Answer 11

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue. Reed-Sternberg cells are ABSENT.
Symptoms include Pruritus (itching), low grade fever, anemia, night sweats.

Question 12

Synarthrosis

Answer 12

Synarthrosis is an immovable articulation in which the bones are united by intervening fibrous connective tissues.
Ex. the cranial sutures

Question 13

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 13

Amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility. Ex. such as the pubic symphysis

Question 14

Diarthrosis

Answer 14

Diarthrosis is a freely moveable articulation of a joint. Ex. such as the knee

Question 15

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Osteoporosis is the increase in the porosity of the bone which makes the bone abnormally fragile.
Its a disease in which there is a loss of bone density.
o Bones become more porous, brittle and have a tendency to break more easily. May develop from:
- part of the aging process.
- estrogen level reduction that occurs after menopause. in the invalid or bedridden.
- dietary inadequacies of Calcium and protein.
- lack of exercise.
- nutritional disorders.

Question 16

What are 5 things that can cause Osteoporosis?

Answer 16

Osteoporosis may develop from:

• part of the aging process.
• estrogen level reduction that occurs after menopause. in the invalid or bedridden.
• dietary inadequacies of Calcium and protein.
• lack of exercise.
• nutritional disorders.

Question 17

What is Osteomyelitis?

Answer 17

• Osteomyelitis is the inflammation of the bone marrow and possibly the bone .

o Occurs most commonly in children and adolescents whose bones are still growing typically long bones: femur, tibia and humerus.
o It is both a local and systemic infection

Question 18

What can cause Osteomyelitis?

Answer 18

Pyogenicbacteria (staph) introduced by trauma or surgery direct extension from. a nearby infection or blood stream can cause Osteomyelitis.
o Responds well to antibiotics.

Question 19

What is Rickets?

Answer 19

Rickets is a disease of infancy and early childhood where the bones do not properly ossify.
o Generally caused by Vitamin D deficiency which is necessary for proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Calcium may be adequate, but in the absence of Vitamin D, it cannot be used.
o Bones of a child with rickets are soft and tend to bend.
o Legs appear bowed or knock-kneed and the spine is curved.
o Muscles are flabby because calcium, which is deficient, is essential for proper muscle contraction.

Question 20

What is Osteomalacia?

Answer 20

Osteomalacia is rickets, but in ADULTS. Adult form of rickets.

• there is softening of bone or decalcification of bone. Characterized by: muscle weakness, weight loss, pain in bones.
• Bones that are primarily affected are: vertebrae, pelvis, and leg bones. Bones become bent, deformed and tend to fracture with only mild stress.
• Caused by Vitamin D deficiency. and Inadequate calcium and phosphorous in diet.

Question 21

What is Arthritis and What causes Arthritis?

Answer 21

Arthritis is the inflammation of an articulation (joint). Extremely common condition.

Arthritis may result from:

 trauma tumors
 degenerative conditions old age
 allergic reactions
 infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Question 22

What is Bursitis?

Answer 22

Bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa sac, (bursa is a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body) often associated with chronic irritation in the area and commonly occurs in the shoulder and elbow regions.

Question 23

What is Achondroplasia?

Answer 23

Achondroplasia literally means no cartilage formation. Its a genetic disorder which results in a failure of cartilage to develop properly, especially in the growth centers of the long bones, and in the skull resulting in a form of dwarfism.

o There a premature ossification with permanent limitation of skeletal development; short limbs relative…

Question 24

Lordosis

Answer 24

Lordosis is an abnormal anterior curvature. Exaggerated lumbar curvature

Question 25

Scoliosis

Answer 25

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column.

Question 26

Kyphosis

Answer 26

Kyphosis is an abnormal posterior curvature. Exaggerated thoracic curvature Ex. Humpback

Question 27

What is Paget’s Disease?

Answer 27

Paget’s Disease is the chronic inflammation of bones resulting in thickening and deformation. An overproduction of bone particularly in the skull, vertebrae and pelvis.
o Excessive bone growth causes skull to enlarge which affects the cranial nerves, therefore, neurological complications.

Question 28

What is Osteosarcoma?

Answer 28

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common forms of primary bone cancer.
o It can spread beyond the bone into nearby tissues (such as muscle, tendons, and fat).
- Develops most commonly near the ends of the long bones, especially around the knees. In children and adolescents about 80% develop in the bones around the knee – the distal femur and proximal tibia.

o These sites tend to have a good outlook for cure.

o Osteosarcoma can develop in any bone, including the bones of the pelvis, shoulder, and jaw.

o Pelvic osteosarcomas and osteosarcomas arising in bones where surgery is difficult tend to have a poorer outcome