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Intro to Pathology > PATHOLOGY - UNIT 5 - TUMOR > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - UNIT 5 - TUMOR Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasm ?

A

A neoplasm is any new, abnormal growth of tissue which serves no useful purpose and may or may not be destructive.

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2
Q

What does Tumor mean?

A

The term tumor literally means swelling and although all tumors are not necessarily neoplasms, the terms have come to be used somewhat interchangeably.

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3
Q

Oncology

A

Oncology is the study or neoplasms or tumors.

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4
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Carcinogen / Oncogen is any substance classified as a cancer causing agent.

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5
Q

What is Carcinogenesis / Oncogenesis ?

A

Carcinogenesis / Oncogenesis is the process of the formation and development of a cancer.

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6
Q

What is an oncologist?

A

An Oncologist is a doctor specializing in the treatment of cancer.

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7
Q

Tumors are classified or categorized based upon two major areas, what are they?

A

Tumors are classified or categorized based upon two major areas,

  1. Histological or Microscopic Classification – are based upon the type of tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous) from which the neoplasm develops.
  2. Clinical classification – this is based upon the behavioral characteristics of the tumor.
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8
Q

What is Clinical Classification of a Tumor?

A

Clinical classification is based upon the behavioral characteristics of the tumor. There are two clinical classifications:
Benign vs Malignant

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9
Q

What are the two types of clinical classifications of tumors?

A

Two types of clinical classifications of tumors are Benign vs Malignant

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10
Q

What are 5 characteristics of benign Tumors?

A

Benign Tumors:
1. Develop by expansive growth (from the center of the tumor, pushing surrounding tissues aside without invading them).

  1. Do not recur after excision.
  2. Do not metastasize / migrate (spread).
  3. Do not cause excessive destruction of tissue. Does not cause whole body damage.
  4. Do not kill except when so situated as to interfere with the function of vital organs. Cells of tumor closely resemble cells of tissue from which they develop
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11
Q

What are 5 characteristics of malignant Tumors?

A

Malignant Tumors:

  1. Develop by infiltrate growth (from the periphery of the tumor in slender strands that invade surrounding tissues, and may break off to be spread to other parts of the body by blood or lymph).
  2. Tend to recur after excision / surgically removed.
  3. Tend to metastasize / migrate (spread) creating secondary foci. Cause extensive tissue damage.
  4. Cause total body changes.
  5. Cells of tumor bear little resemblance to tissues from which they develop. Lethal unless treated.
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12
Q

Benign tumors end in this suffix

A

Benign tumors end in the suffix OMA

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13
Q

Malignant tumors are divided into two large and important groups. What are they?

A

Malignant tumors are divided into two large and important groups.

Those of epithelial origin will end in the word “CARCINOMA

Those of malignant tumors of non-epithelial origin – muscle and connective tissue are called “SARCOMA

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14
Q

What are 4 Benign Epithelial Tumors

A

4 Benign Epithelial Tumors are:

  1. Adenoma – Tumor derived from glands or glandular tissue.
  2. Papilloma (wart) – A cauliflower-like projection of the skin or mucous membrane.
  3. Nevus (mole) – A pigmented tumor of the skin which appears as a slightly raised, small dark spot.
  4. Polyp – stalk-like growth that projects from an epithelial surface (common on mucosal surfaces, i.e. nasal cavity, intestines)
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15
Q

Name 4 Tumors Derived from Epithelial Tissue

that are Malignant Epithelial Tumors (that end in OMA) (these are exceptions to the rule.)

A

Tumors Derived from Epithelial Tissue - Malignant Epithelial Tumors (that end in OMA) these are exceptions to the rule.

  1. Melanoma – highly malignant brown or black tumor which may be found in any organ. BE CAREFUL: sounds benign, but is malignant.
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Epithelioma / Epidermoid Carcinoma – derived from stratified epithelial tissue, most commonly found on the skin, lungs, lips, mouth, larynx, esophagus, vagina, prostate, anus and cervix.

CAUTION: Epithelioma sounds benign, but is malignant.

  1. Adenocarcinoma – derived from glandular tissue, found in the uterus, breasts, cervix, alimentary tract and the lungs.
  2. Transitional Cell Carcinoma – found in the urinary tract ( urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, renal pelvis). Basal Cell Carcinoma – malignant tumor of the basal layer of the Squamous epithelium (the deepest layer). Common Skin lesion, slow growing and non-aggressive. Increased occurrence with increase in sun exposure.
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16
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for bone cancer?

A 
Benign = Osteoma
Malignant = Osteosarcoma
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17
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for cartilage cancer?

A 
Benign = Chondroma
Malignant = Chondrosarcoma
18
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for fat (adipose) cancer?

A 
Benign = Lipoma
Malignant = Liposarcoma
19
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for Vessel (general) cancer?

A 
Benign = Angioma
Malignant = Angiosarcoma
20
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for Blood vessel cancer?

A 
Benign = Hemangioma
Malignant = Hemangiosarcoma
21
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for Lymph vessel cancer?

A 
Benign = Lymphangioma
Malignant = Lymphangiosarcoma
22
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for Fibrous Connective Tissue cancer?

A 
Benign = Fibroma
Malignant = Fibrosarcoma
23
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for Lymph tissue cancer?

A 
Benign = No such thing...
Malignant = Lymphoma (Malignant)
24
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for (general) Muscle tissue cancer?

A 
Benign = Myoma
Malignant = Myosarcoma
25
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for STRIATED muscle tissue cancer?

A 
Benign = Rhabdomyoma
Malignant = Rhabdomyosarcoma
26
Q

What is the benign and malignant name for SMOOTH muscle tissue cancer?

A 
Benign = Leiomyoma
Malignant = Leiomyosarcoma
27
Q

Name 2 Nervous Tissue Tumors

A

2 Nervous Tissue Tumors are:

  1. Neuroma – Benign tumor that is derived from nervous tissue.
  2. Glioma – Malignant tumor that is derived from the support cells of the nerves, known as neuroglia
28
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

The term metastasis is used to describe the ability of tumors to spread, either by way of blood or lymph, and set up a secondary location.

29
Q

Generally speaking, sarcomas spread by way of ______, whereas, carcinomas spread through the ____________.

A

Generally speaking, sarcomas spread by way of blood, whereas, carcinomas spread through the lymphatic system.

30
Q

List 5 Post Mortem conditions related to cancer

A

5 Post Mortem conditions related to cancer:

    • Emaciation
    • Discoloration
    • Hemorrhage
    • Tissue deformation
    • Extravascular obstructions
31
Q

What is Emaciation as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer?

A

Emaciation - its a chronic, long-term nature of most cancers, many patients lose a great deal of weight (body mass). You must take this into consideration when choosing arterial fluid, selecting those which will best fill out and moisturize the tissue.

-Emaciation may also lead to supplemental treatments such as tissue building areas of the face.

32
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Cachexia is a term that is closely related to emaciation, it refers to a state of general ill health, malnutrition and wasting away.

33
Q

What is Discoloration as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer?

A

Discoloration as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer may require additional treatments to help bleach the areas. Such treatments may include cold compresses soaked with appropriate chemicals; hypodermic injection of bleaching agents into the area. Cosmetics may be required to cover the discoloration.

34
Q

What Hemorrhaging concerns exist as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer?

A

Hemorrhage – Tumors probably have destroyed and weakened many blood vessels in the areas of the tumors; therefore, you should be aware that increased pressure that accompanies arterial injection can result in additional ruptures, leading to problems with fluid distribution

35
Q

What is Tissue deformation as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer?

A

Tissue deformation – by the very nature of the disease, cancer often results in the destruction and deformation of the surrounding tissues. Excision of tumors may be required; deep wound filling and waxing may be necessary to restore normal surface contour. (More on this in Restorative Art II)

36
Q

Extravascular obstructions concerns exist as it relates to Post Mortem condition of cancer?

A

Extravascular obstructions relates to both benign and malignant tumors. These tumors may put pressure on blood vessels causing them to become partially or totally occluded (blocked) resulting in poor fluid distribution. You might have to use multiple injection points to ensure proper distribution of embalming fluid.

37
Q

What is a Cyst?

A

Cysts are sac-like structures containing fluid, semi-fluid or solid material. They may be small or large

38
Q

Ovarian Cysts

A

Ovarian Cysts is a globular sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that develops in or on the ovary.

39
Q

Sebaceous Cysts

A

Sebaceous Cysts – is a retention cyst (one caused by blockage of the excretory duct so that the glandular material is retained) containing a cheesy yellow material, usually on the face, neck, scalp or trunk.

40
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • Hypertrophy – is an increase in the size of a body part due to an increase in the size of the individual cells. For example, weight training will increase the size of the body’s muscles by increasing the size of the individual muscle fibers, not by an increase in then umber of muscle cells.
41
Q

Hyperplasia

A
  • Hyperplasia – is an increase in the size of a body part due to an increase in the number of cells in that organ. Unlike neoplasm, this type of increased growth is of limited controlled nature.
42
Q

Metaplasia

A

Metaplasia – is a replacement of one type of tissue in a major category (e.g. epithelial) by another type of tissue in that same category.

Intro to Pathology (9 decks)

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