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Intro to Pathology > PATHOLOGY - UNIT 2 > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Calcification

A

Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in tissues. It is the aftermath of disease and is most common in tuberculosis (the tubercle becomes calcified). It can also be seen in arteriosclerosis (calcification or hardening of the arteries).

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2
Q

Gout

A

Gout is a disease of uric acid metabolism. Excessive uric acid (sodium urate) crystals accumulate in tissues and joints arising in joint pain. Commonly seen in the foot but may also affect the kidneys. It is agitated by eating red meat or organ meat. Early diagnosis prevents chronic gout.

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3
Q

Necrosis

A

Necrosis is the pathological death of cells, tissues or organs which are part of the living body.

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4
Q

Generally, list the 5 things that cause necrosis of cells?

A
  1. Mechanical injury
  2. Extreme heat or cold
  3. Loss of nerve supply
  4. Chemical or bacterial poisons
  5. The most common cause – lack of blood supply
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5
Q

List the 2 Types of Necrosis

A

The 2 Types of Necrosis are

  1. Caseous Necrosis
  2. Gangrene
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6
Q

What is Caseous necrosis?

A

Caseous necrosis – The term caseous refers to cheese-like. It is soft, friable, and has a gray-white appearance. It is relatively specific for mycobacterial infection and mycobacterial tuberculosis in particular.

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7
Q

What is Gangrene?

A

Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis) is a necrosis associated with bacteria which invade the tissue. It is often seem in the extremities.

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8
Q

What are the three types of Gangrene?

A

The three types of gangrene are:

  1. Moist Gangrene or Wet Gangrene
  2. Gas Gangrene
  3. Dry Gangrene or Ischemic Necrosis
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9
Q

List 5 characteristics of Moist Gangrene

A

Moist Gangrene or Wet Gangrene
1. it is what it says: moist or wet.

  1. It is the result of tissue necrosis and bacterial infection.
  2. Generally due to obstruction of venous outflow from the area.
  3. The skin is moist and black and has a foul odor is present.
  4. Usually effects the extremities or internal organs. spreads fast
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10
Q

List 3 Characteristics of Gas Gangrene

A

Gas Gangrene
1. is caused by the anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium.

  1. The tissue makes a crackling sound because of gas bubbles in the tissues.
  2. It follows the contamination of a wound with spores of the pathogenic Clostridia.

The essential factor necessary for spore germination is decreased oxygen. This is usually present in a severe lacerated wound that contains dead tissue – particularly dead muscle that has lost is blood supply. The organisms produce a foul smelling toxin in the muscles and will shred the tissue.

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11
Q

List 2 Characteristics of Dry Gangrene

A

Dry Gangrene or Ischemic Necrosis

  1. Results from interference in the arterial supply of a part without the invasion of saprophytes.
  2. The tissue shrinks and turns green to black and mummifies. Spreads slowly.
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12
Q

What is Atrophy (generally)

A

Atrophy is a decrease in a body part of organ that was previously normal size. (Remember the Prefix and suffix list in anatomy? –trophy = nourishment: A = without)

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13
Q

What are the two types of Atrophy?

A

The two types of Atrophy are

  1. Physiological atrophy
  2. Pathological atrophy
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14
Q

What is physiological atrophy?

A

Physiological atrophy is a decrease that occurs as a normal body process.

Examples: the thymus gland in children decreases in size as they grow; the mammary glands decease in size after lactation; the tonsils, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues after middle life; and more or less generalized atrophy of all organs that occur with age.

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15
Q

What is pathological atrophy?

A

Pathological atrophy

  • is a decrease as a result of an insult (injury, disease).
    1. Its is NOT a normal body process.
    2. It is due to inadequate nutrition, disease, pressure, loss of nerve supply, lack of endocrine stimulation.

Examples: muscles of a paralyzed limb; wasting away of the body during starvation.

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16
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Hypertrophy is the opposite of atrophy. It is an increase in the size of a body part that was previously of normal size due to an increase in the functional demands made on it.

17
Q

Name 3 types of Hypertrophy

A

3 types of Hypertrophy are;

  1. Physiological hypertrophy
  2. Pathological hypertrophy
  3. Compensatory hypertrophy
18
Q

What is Physiological hypertrophy?

A

Physiological hypertrophy occurs when there is a physiological demand for greater function of an organ or tissue, and is met by an increase in the size of the organ or part affected.

Examples: the development of muscles due to exercise; the enlargement of the pregnant uterus and an increase in the size of the mammary glands during lactation.

19
Q

What is Pathological hypertrophy?

A

Pathological hypertrophy
is an increase which occurs secondary to a structural disease.
Examples: enlarged heart due to high blood pressure.

20
Q

What is Compensatory hypertrophy?

A

Compensatory hypertrophy is an enlargement due to a failure of similar tissues in the body.
It usually occurs in paired organs such as the kidneys.
When one kidney is removed or destroyed, the remaining kidney becomes larger (hypertrophied) to compensate for the non-functioning one.

21
Q

What is Regeneration?

A

Regeneration is the replacement of tissue by the exact same type of tissue. There are two types:

22
Q

What are the two types of Regeneration?

A

The two types of Regeneration are:

  1. Physiological regeneration
  2. Pathological regeneration
23
Q

What is Physiological regeneration?

A

Physiological regeneration
is the duplication of cells due to natural wear and tear such as the outer lining of the skin (epidermis);

Ex. the formation of permanent teeth after the loss of baby teeth.

24
Q

What is Pathological regeneration?

A

Pathological regeneration
Duplication of tissues destroyed by disease or some other type of injury such as traumatic in or a condition like coronary infarction.

25
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells. This differs from hypertrophy which deals with the increase of the body parts or organs as a whole, NOT the increase in number of the actual cells.

26
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Spina Bifida is a developmental anomaly characterized by a defective closure of the boney encasement of the spinal cord, the vertebral column.

It is the improper union of parts of the vertebral column.

One or more of the vertebrae fail to fuse, leaving an opening in the vertebral column

27
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Hypoplasia is the incomplete or underdevelopment of a body part, organ or tissue..
(Plasia = formation / development of a particular organ or body part).

-Example: Renal Hypoplasia: failure of the kidneys to develop to normal size, usually unilateral.

28
Q

Aplasia

A

Aplasia is the ABSENCE of a structure, tissue or organ.

  • It is the most extreme developmental defect.
  • If it involves a vital organ, death may occur in utero or shortly thereafter.
29
Q

Metaplasia

A

Metaplasia is the conversion (or change) of normal tissue into an abnormal tissue for that location.

  • Replacement of one type of normal tissue by another type of normal tissue in an area of the body where the second (replacement) tissue does not normally occur. The abnormality is that of location.
  • Usually due to chronic stress or injury.
  • Example: one type of epithelial tissue may be replaced by another type of epithelial tissue.
30
Q

Polydactylism

A

Polydactylism is the congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers of toes.

31
Q

Amelia

A

Amelia is the absence of one or more limb.

32
Q

Phocomelia

A

Phocomelia is the developmental anomaly characterized by the absence of the upper part of the limbs so that the feet or hands are attached to the trunk by short irregular stumps.

  • Resembles fins or flippers of a seal.
33
Q

What is a Cleft palate?

A

Cleft palate and lip is a congenital abnormality due to the failure of closure of certain facial parts during embryonic development.
(Cleft = divided)

34
Q

Color Blindness

A

Color Blindness
- is the inability to distinguish between certain colors.

  • Does not mean they only see black and white; are unable to distinguish between reds and greens.
  • Sex-linked inheritance. Most affected are males.
35
Q

What is a vascular nevus?

A

Vascular nevus are known as birth marks.

  • Blood vessel malformation of the skin.
  • It is congenital.
  • May be raised or flat.
  • Often involves the face.
  • Red/purple/pink colored patches.
36
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Down’s Syndrome, Trisomy 21 – there are 3 # 21 chromosomes.

  • 1 in 800 births.
  • Characteristics include:

o Mental retardation.
o Simian crease:
 Eyes appear slanted because of an extra fold of skin at the upper medial corner of the eye (epicanthial folds). o Flat facial profile.

o Abundant neck skin.

o Congenital heart defects.

o Gap between the 1st and 2nd toes. Intestinal stenosis (narrowing).

o Predisposition to leukemia

Intro to Pathology (9 decks)

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