Pathology review Flashcards
Pathology
the study of disease in which the 1st concern is the etiology and the second is pathogenesis
etiology
cause of disease
pathogenesis
how a disease develops
What has the scientific community developed to look at what causes disease?
Koch’s postulates- follows the germ theory of disease
What are Koch’s postulates?
- The microbe must be isolated from ALL individuals with the given disease
- the microbe must be grown as a pure culture
- inoculation of the microbe into a healthy individual should cause the SAME disease symptoms
- The SAME organism must be isolated from the newly inoculated individual
Where do Koch’s postulates work?
Helicobacetr pylori- bacteria causes gastric ulcers and gastric cancer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis- causes TB
Bacillius anthracis- causes anthrax
What are exceptions to Koch’s postulates?
HIV VIRUS: ; only infects humans cannot infect humans with virus that is infectious
Treponema pallidum- bacteria
syphilis- hard to grow and isolate
hard to get a pure culture
Disease
noticeable impairment of the body function
1. symptoms and signs
symptoms
what the patient feels
- pain malaise
- subjective and can change
sign
objective and concrete
can be measured though a direct observation
communicable
this is a disease which is spread from one individual to another through either direct or indirect contact
ex- gonorrhea COVID FLU
contagious
easily spread
ex- chicken pox covid
non communicable
not spread from person to person
ex- tetanus
endemic
low and constant levels of the disease in a given population
ex- malaria and HIV
epidemic
high numbers of infected people in a given area
short duration
ex- chicken pox in schools
pandemic
world wide epidemic
AIDS influenza and COVID
acute
rapidly developing with a short duration
ex- influenza
chronic
slow to develop with a continual duration
ex- TB
latent
inactivated for certain periods of time
- needs to be triggered for reactivation
ex- cold sores chicken pox and shingles (herpes virus)
ex- HIV AIDS
Why is tetanus non commmunicable?
toxin can’t replicate
What was the 1st pandemic?
smallpox
What criteria has to be met for a pandemic to be declared?
10 years ago; every continent in world has to be infected
economics: if a pandemic is called world bank has to make sure all 3rd world countries get vaccines
germ theory of disease
states that microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” can lead to disease
these small organisms, too small to be seen without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts.
List the rules of the binomial system
1st decribed by Carl Linnaeus
bactreia fungi animals plants can include viruses
**Genus name is captialized, species name is lower case **
Must be italicized, or underlined
**May be abbreviated after 1st time
Why is HIV an exception to Koch’s postulates?
b/c we can’t infect humans with it can use SIV instead
herd immunity
What is the duration of acute diseases?
equal incubation illness and convalescence period
ORGANISM DISAPPEARS AFTER ILLNESS; USUALLY IMMUNITY TO REINFECTION EXISTS
What is the duration of chronic diseases?
incubation period, illness
ILLNESS PERSISTS OR RECURS OVER A LONG PERIOD
What is the duration of latent diseases?
equal incubation period, illness convalescence, latent period-little bit longer, ill may recur if immunity weakens
What is meant by latent period?
no illness
virus still present but not causing disease in a body
What is meant by convalescence?
ime spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
